Ukuqondisa Ukuthi Kungani U-Shape, V-Shape, kanye Nezindlela Zokwakha Kwamaphoyisa Eshayini Lomthandazo

Amathuluzi Omthandazo Oyisisekelo Wokukhetha Isikhundla Somphoyisa

Isikhundla Somkhondo, Isikhundla Sokubheka Umkhondo, kanye Nokusebenza Kwezinhlobo Zomkhondo Ngokusebenzisa i-Manning’s equation

Ngokwesibonelo sikaManning, indlela esithi kuyenza izindawo zokususa amanzi zisiphakamisa kakhulu ukuthi amanzi zihamba njani ngaphakathi kwazo. Izinto ezimbili eziphambili ezikhombisa lapha kukho uradiyasi wezilwanyana, okuyizinyathelo zokwahlula indawo yokuhamba ngokwesifunda sokufunyanwa kwezinyathelo, nokuchaza ukuthi kubhekise kwezinyathelo. Izindlela zokubeka ngokwesitsha ziyabika uradiyasi wezilwanyana kahle kunazo zonke izindlela ezinye, okuyikuphatha kwezinyathelo futhi kungabika ukukhanya kwezinyathelo ngeminyaka engu-40% xa kubhekiswa nezindlela zokubeka ngokwesivili esizoba nazo ngamazinyathelo amafanayo futhi abhekiswe emasweni amafanayo. Indima yokuqonda ukubeka kwezindawo zokususa amanzi iyinkimbinkimbi: yenza izindlela zokuhamba kwezinyathelo ukuze amanzi zihambisane ngokwanele futhi ukuthi isibonelo sokuhambisana sibe ngapansi ukuze kungabi nempilo yezinyathelo ekhuluma ngokwanele. Noma ngokwesibonelo izindlela zokubeka ngokwesihlangu. Ziyabika isibonelo sokufunyanwa kwezinyathelo ngeminyaka engu-15 ku-25% xa kubhekiswa nezindlela zokubeka ngokwesitsha ematsatsini wokuhlangothi, okuyikuphatha kwezinyathelo zokucleansa emva kwalokho. Kodwa kukhona isibonelo sokugcina. Lezi zindlela zokubeka ngokwesihlangu azikwazi ukuthi zihambisane ngokwanele ukuze zicleansa ngokwanele emva kwalokho.

Imithambo Yokuhambisa Kwemithwala: Kungani Ukuthi Ukugcina Kwesikhathi Kuhlukahluka Phakathi Kwamaphakade Ama-U, Ama-V, Nokwesikhathi Sokuphakama

Umsebenzi wokuhamba kwezilwane zokuphakamisa kuyisisekelo esihambisana ngokugcwele nesikhathi sokuvula kwamanzi ngemiphakathi yezindawo ezahlukene. Faka isibonelo sezindawo zokuvula ezingavili (V-shaped). Ziyasebenza njengomkhumbi othumelela amanzi konke kusendleleni esincinci ekhulwa ngokuphelele, okuyizindawo ezide kakhulu zokuvula. Lokhu kwenza ukuvula kwamanzi kwezinye izikhathi kubusa kude kunezimitha ezimbili ngosekholeni, futhi lokhu kungabusa izinyathelo ezincinci kodwa kusho ukuthi kungenza izinkinga emaphakathini apho umhlaba uyadlula kakhulu. Manje sibone izindawo zokuvula ezingatrapezoidal. Lezi zihambisana ngokujwayelekile ukuvula kwamanzi ngokujwayelekile ngoba zinembhala eningi yezindawo zokuvula nezindlela zokuvula ezihlukanayo. Amanzi ayavula ngokuphelele phakathi kwezimitha eziyisikhalfu nezimitha eziyishumi na-mabili ngosekholeni, okuyisivumelwano sokudlula kwezilwane zokuphakamisa ngaphandle kokuthi kuthintwe kakhulu izindawo zokuvula. Kusukela kulezi zindawo zokuvula ezinga-U, ziyaphakathi kwezi zindawo zokuvula zombili. Umphakathi wokuphakamisa wabo uyele ukuthi akukho zinkambu ezinhle zokuvula ezifana nezinkambu zokuvula eziphakathi kwezindawo zokuvula, futhi lokhu kukhupha ukuthintwa kwezindawo zokuvula ngokuphelele ngama-30% uma kuchazwa kuzindawo zokuvula ezingaqondi kakhulu. Ngalesikhathi, abasebenzi bezobuchwephesha bakhuluma ngokuthandekile ukuthi izindawo zokuvula ezinga-U ziyafanele kuzindawo zokuvula zezindawo zokuvula zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo......

Ukubhalwa kwe-V-Ditch : Ukuvuselela ukulawula ukuphazimula nokulwa kwezilwanyana zokugcina umoya

Ukusebenza kwe-Logic: Amathuba aqinile, ukuthumela amanzi esihlwayini esengaphakathi, namagugu okuphazimula ngokukhona

Izilwanyana zesiV-zifuna indlela yokusebenza kuzo apho amanzi ayadlula ngokushesha okungahleli ukuphazimula. Khumbula izindawo zezinqondo eziningi kune-5%, izinhlangano zamandla emakhaya ezithumela amanzi esihlwayini esingaphakathi esidla ngokushesha kwezincamango nezinkambu, noma izindawo zemagugu emnyama njengezincamango zokufa okuphazimula ngokushesha. Indlela okubhalwa ngayo lezi zilwanyana kuyisiza ekutheni amanzi ayadlula ngokushesha futhi ukuthi amandla ayavaleka ngokushesha uma amanzi ayadlula ngokushesha kakhulu. Kodwa kukho isibonelo. Uma iqiniso libe lidinga kakhulu noma kuneziququ zeziququ ezingaqondi ngokuphepha kungenzeka ukuphazimula okukhulu kuzo zilwanyana zokugcina neziququ. Lokhu kuyisibonelo sokuthi ukuvuselela kungabikho phakade. Kufanele kube yindlela yokuqala xa kubhalwa lezi zilwanyana zesiV ukuze zisebenze kahle futhi zibe nendlela yokudlula.

Imithambo Yokuvimbisa: Imigomo Yokukhetha Ukubeka Amathanga Nokuxhuma Kwemithambo Yokuzalisa Umhlaba

Ukuthi kubhekwe ukubagcina ngaphandle kokukhula kwemithambo yokuvimbisa, abahleli bakhetha imithambo yokuvimbisa ekhuluma ngezivelo zokugcina ezihlukaniswe ngokwesikhathi sokugcina:

Amaphakathi akhona ngoba izinkambo zezinkambo ziyilock kahle kanye nokuthi zihlupha amandla wezilwane zomfula ozohamba. Ukubheka kwezinkambo zokugcina akuyiyo yokuqonda kuphela—abalinganisi bafunda ukuthi kufuneka yini ngokubheka kwezinhlobo zezilwane zomfula zokugcina zizoba nazo. Kumaqhakatha apho umfula uzohamba ngokushesha kancane, ukuphakama kwamathuba njenge-‘switchgrass’ noma ‘reed canarygrass’ kuyenzeka kahle futhi. Amagqabi awo ayilinda konke kahle, kodwa akayisebenzi uma ispeed yomfula iyiphezulu kwe-1.8 meters per second. Abantu abaningi abazimisayo bakhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kokubili kwezinhlobo zokusebenza kusasa. Ukuthabalisa i-geotextile fabric phansi kwamaphakathi xa kusebenziswa emaqhakatha amathile kuyenza ukuthi sikwazi ukwenza okuningi ngaphandle kokukhupha izinhlaka zokuhamba kwezilwane zomfula ezikwenzekayo ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-ditches athi aye ngomkhondo wokuvula.

Trapezoidal vs. Ama-ditches athi aye ngomkhondo wokuvula : Ukubhekana kwezinhlobo zokuhlakaza kanye nokuphatha kwezikhathi eziningi

Izinkinga zokubhala phansi: Izinqumo zokuhlakaza (zokuhlakaza kakhulu) vs. Izinqumo zokuphatha (zokuphatha kakhulu) kumaqhakatha amathile

Ukubalwa kwezindawo zokuhlanya kwesolo kusenza indlela eyinkulu ekuvumelana nokuthi ubuchwepheshe bezindawo zokuhlanya ziyifuna njani. Uma kusebenziswa esolo esinamaphakathi amaningi weclay, apho ukunqamuka kuyenza umthelela omkhulu kubizo, izindawo zokuhlanya ezingaphansi zokuphambuka ziyasebenza ngokuhle kunezinye izindawo zokuhlanya. Amagugu amahlanu ayo akunciphisa amapointi okuthinteka ngokungafani nokuqondisa kuzo kuzomthwalo, okuthetha ukuthi kunezinkinga zokulandela kancane ngemva kwalokho ngoba kunezindlela ezincinci zokuthinteka uma izihlangu zizokugcina. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izindawo zokuhlanya eziningi zokufana nezihlangu zizokwazi ukuzimisa izinkinga zabo kuzo zokuphambuka nezokukhona kuzo emva kokuba kubonakala kancane kanye nokubonakala kakhulu, okubangela ukuthi kubhekwa kancane kwezibhambo ezisukela kumaclay ophambuka.

Kukhona ukuthi lapho kusetyenziswa isandla esinemifula yomfula, ukuvumela kufana nokuphatha izinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha ukuphatha kwezinkinga zokubeka kufana nokuphatha......

Isimo Sokuvumela Isikhundla Sokubeka Kwezinkambo Zokubeka

Ukukhetha umfanekiso wokuphakama kwe-ditch oyidingekile kudinga ukugcina kwezinhlobo zezindaba zokubhekana nezinkulungwane, izinkulungwane zezinsiza, nokuphatha kwesikhathi eside. Qala ngamathathu amaphuzu okuzilungisa:

• Ukubhalwa kwezinsiza , okuyisiphumo sokubaluleka kwesithembiso (clay – umfanekiso we-U; isand – umfanekiso we-U noma we-trapezoidal ngokuchaza kwezinkinga zokuphatha),
• Ukubhekana kwezinsiza zokushisa , ikakhulu izindlela zokuvula kwezinsiza nezintimele zokufika kwezinsiza, okuyisiphumo sezindlela zokuhamba okutholakala futhi izindlela zokutshaya izinsiza zokuvula,
• Izinkinga zokubhekana nezinsiza , njengokubhekana nokuvula kwezinsiza noma ukubaluleka kwezinyawo zokudlula, okuyisiphumo sokubhekana nokubaluleka kwezindlela zokuvikela futhi ukubaluleka kwesikhathi eside.

Kukhuluma nge-equation kaManning, ungakhwali kuphela njengendlela yokuzisombulula indlela yokuzincazela umfanekiso wokuzincazela. Sebenzisa yena ukuthi ubhalise kahle ukuthi izifunda zezinto ziyathinta ngokujulile ukuthi ukuthintana kwe-hydraulic radius nokuthintana kwe-wetted perimeter, okuyisibonelo sokuthi isimo sesikhala sithakelwa ngokwesibonelo esinokubhalisa ukuthi uhlaka lushele kahle. Idata yasekhaya eyadlule yeyo yegunya le-2023 lokuqondisa ukuthi amaditchi ayezincwadi ziyabeka isiphambano esingaphezu kwe-40% emkhakheni yamazibuko emazibuko e-U-shaped emazibuko esandla. Kuyakwazi ukuthi lokhu kuyaphakamisa ukuthi lezifunda zezincwadi ziyakhululeka kanjani xa ukuthi uhlaka lushele kahle kuyizinyathelo eziningi. Ukubheka kwezinto ezisebenza ngosuku ngosuku futhi: ukuplanta izilwane emaphakathi kwe-V-ditches kuyabeka imali ngemva kwezinsuku, ngakho kufuneka kuhlanganiswe nezincwadi zezincwadi zokucleana nokubona ngamashini. Lokhu konke kusho ukuthi abengineya bafunda izindlela ezinkulu futhi bazisebenzisa kulezi zindawo zezempilo, bakhiqiza isibalance phakathi kohluke lwahlaka, ukuthi isikhala sikhululeka kahle, nokuthi isikhala siyasebenza ngokuphelele ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokuthi sibhekise imali.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kungani ubukhulu be-ditch buningi kumithambo yokuqondisa amanzi?

Ubukhulu be-ditch buyaphinda ubukhulu be-velocity yamanzi, ukunciphisa ukugqibela kanye nokuphakamisa ubukhulu be-velocity. Amabhodi amathathu amahle amadlulayo njenge-trapezoidal, U-shape, ne-V-shape ayasebenzisa ngokulinganiswe ngezinhlobo zemithambo, ukulindela ukuthi kuzoba yini ukuthwasa kwezinye izinto, nokulindela izinkinga zokusebenza.

Ubukhulu be-ditch ubuhle kangakanani kumazikhundla apho ukuthwasa kuyadingeka?

Amaditch angamashumi ayisivili (V-shaped) ayisifanele kumanzi okubheka phambili kumazikhundla apho amasiko ayakhula kakhulu noma emithambeni ephinde kuyathwasa, ngoba bayinika umbono wokulindela ukuthi amandla ayizwa kanye nokulindela ukuthwasa ngokuphelele.

Ubukhulu be-mithambo buyaphinda ubukhulu be-ditch?

Ubukhulu be-mithambo buyaphinda ubukhulu be-stability. Kumaclay-rich soils, amaditch angamashumi ayisihlanu (U-shaped) ayasebenzisa ngokuphelele ukuthi abe stabile. Kumaclay soils, amaditch angamashumi ayisihlanu (U-shaped) noma amaditch angamashumi ayisithathu (trapezoidal) ayasebenzisa ngokulinganiswe ngezinkinga zokusebenza kanye nokulindela ukuthwasa.

Izindlela zokulindela ubukhulu be-ditch zingaphi?

Izindlela zokulindela ubukhulu ziyinkimbinkimbi zokusebenza kanye nokusebenzisa izihlamvu zokuvuna ukuthi amanzi ashele kancane ukuze kubhekwe ubukhulu be-ditch kanye nokusebenza kwayo.