I-Concrete vs. I-Shotcrete Lining: Kufanele kube yini ekusebenzisa kakhulu emakhanda ethekwane?

Ukutholakala Kwegometry Ngokufanayo Ne Ukulinya Kwamakhanda Athethekwe

Ubude Bekuswebe, Amakhona Akakhiwa Ngokungafani, Nezihlangothi Ezidingekileyo Emakhanda Athethekwe

Umdo wamaduze amathrapezoyide akhanelisa imiba engcamunye kumfanekiso. Izindlebe zangelapha kusuka ku-1:1 ukuya ku-2:1, izindikirane zingaba njengemlonyeni, kanti lezo zihlangothi ezingcono lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene ziqukethe kuthiwa yizindawo ezikhokhelana ngokuqinile. Lonke lolu hlelo kubangela izindawo ezinezinkinga lapho izilinganiso zezidulu eziphethilwe azisemthethweni. Kulezo zihlangothi ezimigqa, umshilo wamanzi uphinde uphinde unyakaza kakhudlwana, ngelikasempini emdubini manzi aphelela kuhlanganiswa kwesilika, ekugcineni kubangela imiba yesithasiselo. Umlando ovela kuOhio State ngo-2024 ubonisa futhi okuthile okuthandwayo - izinqamuzi ezimathrapezoyide ziphazanywa kabusha ngama-18% ngaphezulu kwezimo zazo ezifana nezomgudu weshape-y-U uma konke okunye kufana. Lokhu kubonisa kambe ukuthi lokhu kudala kungajwayeleki kangakanani. Kuye kubeke weza izilinganiso ezifakiwe kwalokho, ukuthola izimbono ezifakelwa kulo hlelo oluncanyiwe lingaba yizingxenye ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa komsebenzi womshilo wamanzi noma ukuthuthukisa kude.

Kungani Ukuba Kudinga Ukulungiswa Okuphakeme Ukulungiswa Kwesithuthiwa Kwe-Concrete Kwezindlela Zokudonsa Ezinemigqa

Xa usebenza ngesithuthiwa se-concrete esilungele, ukudala le ndlela zemigqa kudinga ukulungiswa okwenziwe ngokuthile. Konke okubiliwe kwisilinganiso nezandla kumele kulungwe ngcono. Ukufula izindlu zokukhazimula kuyaphila kakhulu emakhanda amancane apho imigqa ibanzi, ngakho amalungu ethimba ayasebenzisa izixhumanisi ezithile kuphela ukuze fifune le ndawo. Iindleko zomsebenzi ziya kusuka ngaphezu kwe-40% xa ziqhathelwa nezindlela ezenziwayo ezibalulekileyo. Kunye nokuba akukho mthwalo wokulungiswa okunakekela ukuba kube phakathi kwe-35 nakude kube 50% yoko kusendleleni yokuziphatha kwezindlela zemigqa njengoko kuchazwe yi-masipala enzulwini. Ngaphezu koko, le ngxenelo phakathi kwezinye izahluko zokulungiswa zenza iindawo eziphambene. Ngexesha, ikakhulu xa umlilo uphinde uphinde unyaniselwa khona, le ndawo zizange zihlale zihlale zibulalekile.

Ukuthini Okwenza i-Shotcrete Iyagunyaziswa Ngokuphathelene Kakhulu Kwizikhathi Ezahlukene Nezikhala Ezinezikhefu

I-shotcrete isusa kabehle umthwalo ngoba ikhipha amakhanda ngokushesha kakhulu (ngu-100 km / h) ngqo ematshini konke lezikhala ezimbi. Izivivinyo zilandelayo ASTM C1604 zibonisa ukuthi lo ndlela inika compaction ye-95% emakhathini amaningi njengo-70 degrees, iyagunyaza kahle lokho kusale kulesohlangothi noma kube yini esekwe kakhulu. Okwenzela ukuthi i-shotcrete ihluke kwi-concrete evela yisilingi kukuthi ikhiqiza igunya eliqinile lapho ifaka kahle kwizikhala ezinezigaba. Izivivinyo zasekhaseni zafuna ukuthi lokhu kunciphisa izinkinga zokudonsa kumapakathi ngamanye amade 27%. Indlela eyagunyazwa ngayo i-shotcrete emacubeni namaphakathi aphindaphinda kusiza ekunikwa kwe-stress kulezi zindawo ezimbilini, okusolva indaba enkulu kakhulu abasebenzi bezingeniso bathola xa bakhomba izindlela ezingenamandla.

Ukusabalalisa Kombono Ukulinya Kwamakhanda Athethekwe Ngaphansi Kwesixwayiso

Ukukhathazeka Kwezishayantshiwa Namasiko Ebonding Eduze Nezindawo Ezikhuthulayo: Shotcrete vs. Traditional Concrete

IShotcrete libonakala ngokukhanya kakhulu ekunqobilekweni kwesikhumba esiphakeme ngoba kumelana ngendlela yokusebenza. Izifundo ikhombisa ukuthi kufinyelela ubungakanani bokudluliswa okuphakathi kuka-1.5 kuze kube 2.0 MPa emaphandleni aphezulu kuka-25 digri, ngempela kuphela 0.8 MPa weconcrete engcono ngokusho kweConcrete Institute ngoPitshini. Lokhu kuyinto eyodwa ehlukile kumzila wamanzi wetrapezoidal lapho ungxenye wesimanje sika-manzi ushaya kusikhumba esingavumelekile. I-concrete engcwele ngendlela eyisisekelo often yadala izindawo ezincane emaqoshini ayedlule noma amagapu phakathi kwamacebo. IShotcrete isuke isuke esikhumbeni ngokushesha ngaphandle kwalokho, ngakho ke kunezimali ezimbalwa kuphela lapho kudingeka kuhluleke. Izivikelo zangempela zibonisa ukuthi amalayini ase-Shotcrete angasekela ngaphezulu kuka-40 iphasenthi yomthelelo wokugayaza ngaphambi kokuhluleka, lokhu kusho ukuthi kugcinwa ubungakanani besithuthi nangenxa yezigaba nezigaba ezihlelekile eziphilayo ezingacokeki ngendlela eyisisekelo.

Ubunzima kumaqondo okufa-phila nokudla okuphazanyiswa kumathuba athintekayo ayingxenye yezindlebe ezingaphakathi zomgwa wesikweleti

Ukulinya kwezindlela zokudonsa ezinemiphakathi zingaphandle kakhulu ekukhohlweni. Lezixhumanisi zifaka izikhathi eziphinde ziphinda ziqhubeka zihlwa nasehlwini futhi nezibuko zonke izinhlobo zezimbuko ezingenambo. Uma kufika ekugcineni i-shotcrete engenayo amanzi, le yithemba ililunga ngaphezu kwamashumi angu-300 angaphandle kokhona ukubonakala kwesivimba njengoba kusho izimo ze-ASTM. Lokhu kungaphezulu kakhulu kunazo ezijwayelekile ezidonsa okuqukumbeka okuphazanywa emanzini ngisho kumashumi angu-150. Yini eyenzela lokho? Umkhawulo wamanzi kwi-cement yenkosi engu-0.35 ikhiqiza into entsha kakhulu futhi ingavamise amanzi, lokho kwenza kube khangelwa kakhulu ukuthi ice iphinde phansi yezinhlangothini. Izidingo zibonisa uma amanzi aphindaphindwa kule ndlela ngokushesha okuphakathi kuka-4 meters ngosuku, i-shotcrete ilahlela ngokungenani kabili 60% yomthelela kungejwayelekile (njengoba kuchazwe ku-Erosion Control Journal ngo-2022). Okwakwenza lokhu kube lula kakhulu kukuthi i-shotcrete ayinakho lezi zikhala ezincane eziphazanywa yizixhumanisi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kunezinkinga ezingaphansi ezingaphansi ezingaba khona izikhala ezingaphansi ezingabukeka, lokho kusho ukuthi lezi zilinya zibaluleka ngaphezu kwezinye izimo zezinkangala apho ukudonsa kuphinde kuphinde kususelwa.

Ubuchwepheshele bukuqophelela kwezindiza zokulayisha izindlebe ezinemigqa engumkhondo

Ukukhipha isikraperi nokukhula ukufakwa kuzindlebe ezinemigqa engumkhondo noma eziphansi kakhulu

IShotcrete lihlanza wonke lezi zinkinga eziphathelene nezindlela ezibalulekile ngoba akudingi umfanekiso. Abasebenzi basaphinde baphinde izinto ebandleni labo, noma kuzo zizimo ezihlukene noma emakhaya amakhulu, akudingi amafomu, izixhobo zokulinganisa, noma abakambi ukwenza izandla kuqala. Xa izikhangeli zishiya i-shotcrete, ziqhubeka nokuthuthana kusukela kusuku kuya kusuku phakathi kwe-40% ne-60%. Lokhu kusho ukunciphisa imali yokusebenza kwaye kube lula ukugcwalisa iziseko ngokushesha kunothile. Inkulu yayo yeyokuqinisekisa ukuba ubude buhlukene kuzo zonke izindawo, nangona kuzo zizimo ezichasene kanye nezilinganiso ezahlukene. Ngaphezu koko, ngoba isetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindi kungekhondo, kukho okuncane kokungcola apho okungcolileyo kungasebenze. Kanti, singazange sibuyeke ukuba lokhu kusetyenziswa ngokushesha kuyinxalenye enkulu yeziseko ephakathi kwemithombo ethintekayo epholile ekunyulwa. Abasebenzi kule mihambo bayakholelwa kakubi ukuba bangayilahlela indawo eyavulekileyo ngokushesha qala uBaba Ntaba noma intaka azikwamthinte.

Ukuchazwa Kwezindlela Zokusebenza Ukulinya Kwamakhanda Athethekwe Izolo

Ukuthembeka Kwesibili: Iziphatheko Zeqine Nezimali Ezothuthelwa Kwizinhlelo Zokwenza I-Concrete Ngokuphathelene

Izimali ezenziwa kuqala zibonakala ngendlela eyodwa phakathi kwalaba mithetho. Ukusebenzisa i-shotcrete kudinga ukuthembeka okukhulu kumapumpu amahashi ahlelekileyo namagijima abotini aphathekayo. Ngokuphathelene, ukusebenzisa i-concrete ekwakhiweni kuyodwa kugcina ukuthengisa izimali ngenxa yokwenza izikhungo ezihlengahlenga, ikakhulukazi xa kufundiswa ngezakhiwo ezihlengahlenga ezidinga izikhungo ezingenakho. Ngenca yoko, ngabe ukuthenga izixhobo ze-shotcrete kuthinta ngaphezulu kuqala, okunciphisa izimali emuva kwesikhathi kukudala kungasebenziyo. Akudingeki umsebenzi omdala, akukho zimali ehlawulwa ephila esikoleni. Abasebenzi abasebenza kumaproyekthi amaningi bafuna ukuba bangahlukanise le minyaka kumaproyekthi amaningi, okwenzela ubuguqulwa obubi kuzimali zabo emuva kwesikhathi.

Ubuhle Obude: Ukuncipha Kokulungiswa Futhi Ukunyakaza Kwesikhathi Somsebenzi Ekuhlengahlengeni Kwezindlu Ezinezimbalazo

Umboniso wesiqhamo, obubangelwa yi-shotcrete, ususa lezi zikhala eziphaphazekayo kuma-seams lapho izikhutha zangele. Izinhloso zibonisa ukuthi kube yizilinganiso ezingu-40% ngokujulile kwezinkinga njengezikhutha, ukungena kwesithuthwane kumagugu, nokwandiswa kuka-frosting kanye ne-thawing cycles emakhathini aphakeme ngokuvamile kusayensi ye-Bureau of Reclamation eyaKhehloma 2023. Lokhu kusho yini ekugcineni? Ukusebenza kokuhlela kuhlola kabusha ngaphezu kwe-concrete epholile ephindwe kabili kunazo ezinye. Futhi umthimba wokuphila ubuyela ngaphezu kwezingu-15 kuze kube ngu-20 izinsuku. Uma bheka isithunzi esikhulu ngeminyakeni engu-30, akukho mlando omkhulu okudinga ukuciphisa izindlela zokudonsa noma ukulungisa izihlangothi zamankathi. Wonke lokhu kuyenzela i-shotcrete ibe yizilinganiso ezingu-25 kuze kube ngu-30% encinane ngokujulile uma kuhlinzekwa imali engcinjelwa ngokudla, nakuba izixhobo zomsebenzi zibe nzima kakhulu ekudaleni. I-US Department of Transportation wayenzela ulwazi olugcwele olulandelayo olulinganisa izinto zomsebenzi wokudala futhi wafinyelela kulolu daba.

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Kutheni okungcono kuzo zindlela ezivimba izindlu zezimali ezingaphakathi?

Izimali ezingaphakathi zineziphiwo ezithile zokujikeleza njengezindlela eziningi, izihlangothi ezikhanyayo, nezinye zezinye ezingenamandla. Lokhu kwenza kube khona izikhundla zokugcinwa kwezixwayiso nekude kakhulu kwesibindi emkhathini, okwakhetheka ukuba izinto zokulinda zibalulekile.

Kutheni ishotokrete ihlukene kunekonkrete engcinezelayo kumzimba ngaphandle kwebhloko kumaqondo ezingaphakathi?

Ishotokrete lisusa into yokudinga kwezixweba ezidelekile futhi linikeza ukudansela okuphambili kumadaka amaningi. Linika ukugcinwa okuhle, ububi bempilo, nokukhathala okuhle kunekonkrete yisisekelo, likhulula izinkinga zokunyuka kwezibindi neziphiwo zokujikeleza ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Ishotokrete ithinta kanjani izindleko zomlando wemfazwe yesilinganiso sezigaba zezimali?

Nakuba ishotokrete idinga izindleko ezide ngaphezu kwebhlabathi, ikhuphula izindleko zokuhlela njalo futhi yenze umsebenzi wokulinda uphinde ugcine ubomi bomlando ngokukhulula izikhundla eziphansi nezinkinga zokunyuka, lokhu kwenza kube yisikhathi esifanelekileyo.