Incazelo Egcwele Yokudala Kwamakhanda Athethekwe Nokwenza Okuhle Kwokulinya

Kungani Isindleko Esinemibala Ebomvu Ukugaya Kwesindleko Kuyakhuphula Indawo Yokusebenza Nenkqubo Yokuqina

Imithombo Yobuchwepheshe: Indawo, Indawo Ebuyele Emfuleni, Nezidingo Zokulungiswa Kwe-Dhiyameta Hydrauliki

Xa kufanele kube yinkimbinkimbi ukulahla kwezimali ezintathelene, izakhiwo zezithuthi ezingenamandla zinembala enkulu kunazo zinye ngoba zenziwe ngendlela ethile. Izilango ezizindlalifa, ezenzakalwa phakathi kwezingu-1.5:1 nezingu-3:1, zenzela indawo engeyi kakhulu yokulahla kwemali ngaphandle kokuthi ihlanganise ngezilango ngokulinganayo kunazo ezingezithuthi neziningi. Lokhu kwenza umkhawulo wohlolwa nguManning ukhuphe phakathi kwe-20 kuya ku-40 iphasenthi, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezimali eziningi okwenzekayo ukulahla ngokwale thekile. Buka imininingwane yaseqhini esuselwa kumcubuka wa-ASCE 2023: izithuthi ezingenamandla ezingezingu-2:1 zibonisa njalo mayelana nobungozi be-15% olukholo kunazo ezidinganeni njengezithuthi. Kunako futhi into engu-nye. Ngoba inani elincane lembobo elihlanganayo nemali libuyisela, ikhofishini ye-Manning lithula, likhathazeka ukulahla ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwezimali. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni izithuthi ezizinzile emva kwalokho, lokho wonke umdwebi wezithuthi wazi ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni izimali ngokudala.

Ukulungiswa Kwe-Stability–Capacity: Indlela Abeqhakazelayo Nezilinganiso Kusuka Kusayensi Yezindiza

Xa sifaka izimpendulo zezilinganiso kumagqubu, kushintsha indlela abasebenzisa ngayo umlilo ngenxa yokudluliswa kwamanzi, kuvumela ukuthi izimbumba zibe nzima kodwa zizolungiswa. Kumaqhubu osihlangothi noma okunamandla, ukusebenzisa isimo esisodwa kusibonakalisa ukuthi igunya elinamandla libe liphilile kakhulu ekupheleni kwemigqa yomgwa. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izindawo eziphansi apho kukhona ukugayaza, kusetshenziselwa phakathi kwe-30 kuya kude kube yi-50% ngaphansi koko esikubona kumagqubu enhloso. Kumaqhubu osankotha noma ozenzele, izimpapheko ezithuthiwe zokukhazimula kusivumela amanzi asuke phansi, futhi izilinganiso zeconcrete zasimama kuhlaba lwesimamele sokudluliswa kwamanzi aphansi kwazo. Okuqukethwe kakhulu kuyasebenza khona kuyasekelwe kuhloso lwesayensi esisodwa, ngoba ngasinye siyasebenza ngendlela eyodwa xa manzi adluliswa ngalo.

Ukuxhasana kwalokhu kuvumela ukuthi kube nesilinganiso sesivinini esiphakathi kuka-25% kungezindlebe ezingaviki zehhashi ngaphansi kwegunya, njengoba kusenziwa ubuchwepheshe bakhuni ngokuphindaphindwa kabusha emkhathini othile (Ibhuku le-Ingeni Yemifula 2023). Ukulayisha okuhle kwetrapezoidal kakhokeza izindlela ezilindelekileyo zokungabi namandla okuphakathi kuka-$740,000 ngalinye ilokilomitha ngonyaka, ngokusho kwebala elikhethekileyo yisilinganiso.

Ukubala Kweqhaza Le-Trapezoidal Ukugaya Kwesindleko ku-Manning’s n nokwenza kwe-flow

Izibalo Zokunciphisa Okungahleli: Kusuka Ku-Earthen (n = 0.025) ku-Pre-Cast Concrete (n = 0.011–0.013)

Ukusebenzisa izilinga zomjikelezo zokudonsa kungahlakalisa kakhulu ukukhathazeka kwe-hydraulic ngoba kususa okubizwa ngqo nge-engineers njengeManning's roughness coefficient (n). Izilongo eziningi ezingaphandle kwegcobo ziyenzeka inani elingcono le-n libe yize 0.025. Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu ngoba kunezithelo eziphila phansi kwazo, iimpando ezingahleli, kunye nezinye zonke iindlela zokuba ziphathe zihlala ziya kuba phakade. Kodwa xa sithatha izilinga zeconcrete ezenziwe ngaphambili, inani le-n lihlala phantsi kwi-0.011 kuya kwi-0.013. Leli gama likhokelela ekunyaniseni okukhulu kangaka okanye kube yize 30 kuya kwi-56%. Kutheni lokhu kuthetha ngendlela ethile? Kwizilongo ezifanayo ngevolumu ne-incline, amanzi ayenza indlela engaphezulu kuka-40%. Iimini evela kwinkolo zibeke lokho nakho. Iimpando ezilula zinceda ngokususwa kwe-turbulent energy losses, ikakhulu xa kuchazwa ngokuba yindlela enezigaba eziphantsi kunye nezigaba ezikhulu kunye 1:500. Ngokwemfundo yangamandla yeZelešáková noonyana ngo-2025, amanzi ayenza indlela kuzo iizilongo ezilungisiweyo ngaphezulu kuka-25 kuya kwi-35% kunjalo njalo.

Izimali Ezotholakala Ngokwesilinganiso Nezindleko ZeBhizinisi: Lapho Kuphi Ukulayisha Kwesilinda SeTrapezoidal Kuthembeka?

Isicelo sesimali sisekelwe kuKubuyisela izindleko zokufaka ngokuthenga kwezimali ezenzekelayo ngokudala. Kusistim kamthelelo okunikezayo kwamandla amakhulu:

Ukugcina kwaqala ukulapha imali uma izimali ezifundiswa ngosuku lwangamanga nezindleko zokuphatha ziphumelela ku-22% kwakho kokufakwa kokuqala, okwenzeka ngokuvamile eminyakeni yesithupha kuya esikunye ngesikhombisa kakhulu kubungakanani obungaphezu kwezintathu nesikhombisa kanye ngekhanda ngasekhondleni. Izimphumela eziphambene ziphuma phakade ezingxenweni apho izindleko zezinsimbi ziyaphakama kuzincane zeshili twelve ngakho-kho ngekhanda, kukhona ukuthuthukwa okuphezulu kwezibonakude, nokhanda akudlula futhi akujabule kakhulu. Uma kubhekwa umhlaba wokuphila kwezi sistimi, zabelana neziphumela eziningi ezingxenyeni apho zisebenzisa ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili ngamnyaka, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezinezinto zeempofu ezindaweni ezingaphansi azidingi ukugoduka nokugaya kabange ngaphambi kokufakwa.

Ukudizayina Kwegometry Trapezoidal Ukugaya Kwesindleko : Ijometri, Indlela, Nezinhawu Zokufaka Okuhle Kunazo Konke

Ukukhetha Isilinganiso SeNtloko (Z) Nenkulu Yekhanda Ngokuphathelene Nenkabi Yezandla NeAdhesion Yegcina

Xa kusethulwa izindlebe zomgwa, kubalulekile ukuthi zilindele indawo isithelo sikhulu ukuze akwenzekeni imiphumela engavamile eyakha ngendlela yokuqhubeka noma yokuhambisa. Isibonelo, izithelo zeziciko ezingaphansi kwekapa enegunya lokugayaza kakhulu kunangama-50 kPa zingasebenzisa izindlebe eziningi kakhulu eziqukethe kusukela ku-1:1 usukuze ku-1.5:1. Lokhu kwenza uhlelo olukhulu phambi kwesimo sezintsho, kunciphisa indawo ehlanganiswa phakathi kwe-15% ne-25% ikusuka kuleso sihloko esihlukene naleso kuzithelo zomchamo okufanele zibe nemigwa emncane ngokugcina ku-2:1 ukuze zilinde. Ukuhlaziywa kwebhase iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwegciniso eliqinile phakathi kokuthola ukusabela okunempela futhi kuyakhipha imithetho yesithunzi. Ibhase encane iphakamisa ukusabela kodwa inelimali ngoba ingakhuphula imiba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kudinga izici eziningi zokudluliswa kwezindlebe nokuxhasa okunempela kuzinzile. Kukhona futhi ubuningi obukhulu ekugcineni isithelo. Xa sifinyelela kuye kube khona 95% yedensithi ye-Proctor ngelogu kugcinwa, kwenza izixhumanisi ezinqinile zomthwalo noma yikuphi umongo owasetshenziswa ngokudla njengekonkrethi noma i-geomembranes. Izinkomba zibonisa ukuthi le ndlela inciphisa amathuba okuthi iziqhudu zihlale ngaphandle kwezinkomba ngaphakathi kwe-40%, lokhu kubalulekile xa kucatshangwa izindleko zokuhlela kude.

Ikhondilethi kumasu eGeosynthetic: Ukukhulula Kokukhazimula, Ukubamba Kwezinyongo, Nokudla Kwebhaso Ekusebenzeni

Amalini ethayile kuyaphila ngokuthi kudinga ukulahlwa okuncane kunazo zonke izinto ezinye, kodwa kudinga ukuzinikela kakhulu ekubophekeni kwezinkimbili. Ukufaka amajointhi okunzima ngaphakathi kwemitha 4-6 kusiza ekukhulenjiseni amagqabi kizindawo ekuhlwa nekuphazanyiswa kuzokuqhubeka. Kubo bathina ukuthatha indlela eyisiseko, izinto ezijwayelekile njenge-HDPE ne-RPE zaziyakuqeqeshwa. Lezi zinto zinezici zempilo ngalesi sikhathi ngakho asizamani njengoko ithayile. Kodwa kukhona into eyodwa esibaluleke kakhulu uma usebenzisa le ndlela - uqinisekisa ukuthi izinqamulo zezigaba zilinde 300 mm futhi ziqiniselwe ngendlela efanelekile yezinhlayiya ezivunyelwe. Ekugcineni konke okulandelayo, izicathula zeconcrete zidinga isilasile ngezinsuku ezingu-5. Ngokwangaphandle, amalini ethermoplastic welded polymer ayasebenza ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-20 ngaphandle kokuthintana. Amafeshe akagejwe wegeomembrane aphephile kakhulu emehlweni ezigxila ngokushesha. Iziphiwo zibonisa ukuthi zihlinza ukudonsa kuka-30% kuphela kunezifazane ezingcono zeconcrete. Lokhu kuyakwazi kakhulu emacathuleni aphathe imvuke yezenzo noma izimali lapho udaka nesimo sinikezelwa kakhulu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iziphi izindlela zokungcola kwezinkundla ezinemigomo eziphakathi?

Izinkundla ezinemigomo eziphakathi zihlanza ukudluliswa kwegasela ngokuthi imigomo ethambekayo iyakhula iradiyasi le-hydraulic futhi ibe yincane ipherimitha ehlotshelwe, ikhathaza ukunqoka okukhulu kunazo ezinhloko noma ezenzo le-V.

Izikreleka kanjani izinkundla ezinemigomo eziphakathi?

Zahlanya ingcindezi yegasela ngokwesivinini phakathi kwemigomo yesikrini, zibekela ukugayaya futhi zivumela amabanki ahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi uma zilayini ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Iziphi izinto ezilungile kakhulu ekulayineni isikrini?

Ikhonkrethi linika ukuphepha okuhle kwegayaya, ngelixa i-geosynthetics njenge-HDPE zinikeza ubunjingili bempahla nokuphepha kweguquguqu. Isikhetho kusobala kuzinzuzo zezinsuku nezimali esidinga ukusebenzisa.

Lapho kuphela ukulayina kwesikrini sekunxantathu kuyoba nobudgethelo?

Izimali zifana lapho izimali ezothulwayo kusindiso nezokuphatha ziyakhula ngaphezu kuka-22% yezindleko zokufaka, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwe-6 ukuya ku-8 iminyaka emanzini apholile kangako.