Indima Yokubhala Kwesikhundla Sokuhlakisa Amadaka Ngokuzenzakalelayo Kwezindlela Zokusebenza Ngokupheleleyo Zokusebenzisa Amanzi

Phantsi Ukohlakisa Kwesikhundla Ngokuzenzakalelayo Kuncipha Ukuphela Kwamansi Futhi Kubiza Ukusebenza Kwesinkambo Sokusebenza

Ukuphela Kwamansi Okwenzelwe Ngendlela Yomlando: Idata yase-USDA-ARS nase-FAO ekhombisa ukuphela kwamansi ngaphezu kwe-60–85% kunezikhundla ezingahlakisiwa

Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuzilungiselela ngokuzenzakalelayo kusukela kwezindlu zokugcina amanzi kunciphisa kakhulu ukugcina kwamazi ngokusebenzisa izihlangothi zokugcina amanzi ezikhethiwe ngokuphelele. Ngokwesifundo sase-USDA's Agricultural Research Service ne-FAO, izindlu zokugcina amanzi eziphakanyisiwe zihlula amanzi angama-60% ku-85% kancane kunazo zezindlu zokugcina amanzi ezingaphakanyisiwe, ngaphandle kokuthi yini leliqondo lezinsila zazo. Lokhu kubalulekile kakhulu emazweni okuphansi kwezinkathi apho izindlu zokugcina amanzi ezingaphakanyisiwe zingahle zihlule amanzi angama-40% nangaphezulu kwezinsila. Uma izimboni zihlela lezi zihlangothi, zihlela ubude obuhambisana phakathi kwe-1.5 ne-2.5 millimeters wezihlangothi ze-HDPE ngokuphelele. Ukuzilungiselela ngokushaya kungabhalwa izihlangothi zokugcina amanzi zingasiza ukugcina amanzi, okungaba yindlela yokugcina amanzi futhi kungabangela izinkinga njengezinsila zokugcina amanzi zokugcina amanzi futhi ukuthuthuka kwamafutha emagugu asezingeni elizungezwe. Ngokubhekana nezibalo zase-FAO, abafundi badinga ukubuyela amanzi angama-220,000 ku-350,000 gallons ngonyaka ngalinye ngalendlela yezindlu zokugcina amanzi eziphakanyisiwe.

Ukuthuthukisa kwezinkinga zokuhlanza: kusuka ku~45% ku-72% emazweni okuphatha okwesibili (India, Arizona) okwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthukisa okwenziwa ngokusho kwe-GPS ngokusho kwesikhathi sobude

Ukufaka izinhlangano zokugcina amanzi ezinkundleni zokugcina amanzi zikwakha ukugcina amanzi kakhulu ngoba zihlala ziqiniseka umdlalo wokugcina amanzi. Abafundi bafunda ubukhulu bezinkundleni eRajasthan, eIndia nezinye izindawo zeArizona apho ukugcina amanzi kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezinkundleni kwezink......

Ukukhetha Kwemithombo Ekuqiniseni Kwezinto Ezikhona Nokuthembekileyo Kwemiphumela Yokuqala Kuze Kufinye Ngendlela Yokusebenza

HDPE vs. amaphakathi ase-geosynthetic clay (GCLs): ukusebenza, ubukhulu bokudura, nokuthembekileyo kwezinto ezikhona ngemithombo yezinsuku eziphezulu

Ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwe-HDPE ne-GCLs ukwenza ukulinyelwa kwemithambo ngokuzimela kuyidinga ukubhekisisa iziphumo zokuthintana futhi nokuthintana ngokwesimo sezindawo. I-HDPE iyakhona ngokwesibonelo ngokwakho ukukhupha umoya emafukweni apho ukufukwa kuyisimo esingasoloko, futhi inakho ukubeka kwezindawo ezingavamile ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi ingabuka imikhono yezinto ezihlukene ngaphezu kwe-200 psi noma ngaphezulu, okuyisibonelo sokusebenzisa izindawo eziphakathi kwezinkambu ezinakho ukuvula izinto ezingasoloko. Ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso, i-GCLs sebenza ngokwesibonelo sokuthi amafukwe asebenthenite ayasebenza ngokwakho ukuthintana, kodwa zidinga umshado wokusha ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sonke ukuze zisebenze ngokwesibonelo. Abafundi bazi lokhu ngokwesibonelo — emazweni apho isithunzi siphatha isithunzi, lapho isithunzi sishaya isithunzi, izilinyelwa ziyahlela umoya ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku, kanye noma ku-15-20% kwezilinganiso zokufukwa. Uma sibhekisa umbono wokugcinwa kwemvelo, i-GCLs zinezinkinga zokugcinwa ngaphezu kwe-30% ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zinezincwadi zomfukwe osebenzayo, kodwa i-HDPE iyakhona ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi izilinyelwa ziyasebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinsuku zok......

Ukuphula kwemithombo yezinto ezingavali, umsebenzi omncane wokufaka, nokuthintana kwezindlela zokufaka ngokwesandla ngokugcina isikhundla esingaphezu kuka-30%

Ukuguqula kwezindlela zokufaka izilayini zemithambo ngokuzenzakalelayo kubangelwe kakhulu indlela esithabatheni ngayo ukusebenza kwezinto ezinconywa. Ngokusebenzisa i-technology yokuphuma ngokuphelele, kunezinkinga zokukhupha ezincane kakhulu, okuthetha ukuthi kunezinto ezingu-40% zokungafakwanga kwezilayini zokuphatha ngokushesha kungezinye noma ziziphi zezinto zokufaka ngokushesha. Uma kufakwa ngokusebenzisa i-GPS, izimboni zisebenza ngokuphelele ngokungafakwanga kwezinto ezingu-25% ngoba zihamba ngokuphelele futhi azikho izidingo zokubuyela emuva nokuhlela izinto ngokushesha. Uma sibona ngokujulile, lezi zizindlela zokuguqula zisiza ekuthinteni ngokuphelele ngokungafakwanga kwezinto ezingu-30% ngokuphelele kwesikhathi sokusebenza kweprojekthi. Kungani? Okokuqala, izilayini zifaka ngokuphelele futhi amakhasi ayisebenza izinto ezingu-ncane kakhulu. Okwesibili, umuntu omunye angasebenzisa le sistimu manje engakho ukuthi kubhekene nezindlu eziningi zokusebenza ngokushesha. Okwesithathu, uma zonke izinto ziyahlanganisa ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokukhupha, akukho nzima kakhulu ukwenza izisebenzo zokuhlela emuva. Kuma projekthi amaningi wezinkampani zokuphatha amanzi, le sizindlela sokuzenzakalelayo siyisodwa ngokuphelele ngokuphatha kwezinto zokusebenza kanye nokuphatha kwezinhloso zokuvikela ilizwe.

Ukusebenza Kwesikhathi Sokugcina Ukuphatha Kwelizwe Ukohlakisa Kwesikhundla Ngokuzenzakalelayo Kwizwe Zonke Zokuhamba

Ukuthabatha kwe-thermal expansion nokubona kwe-freeze-thaw kwizikhangeli zaseHimalaya, zaseAndes, nezakwizindlu zomphakathi

Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zokugcoba imigodi zibonisa ikhono eliphawulekayo lokubhekana nezimo zezulu ezinzima kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimo ezimbi kakhulu ngoba zakhiwe ngezinto ezingagoba futhi zigobe futhi zinamasu okufaka anembile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iHimalaya, lapho izinto ezikhethekile ze-HDPE ezenziwe ngobuningi zikhuthazelela khona izinguquko zokushisa eziphambene nezingama-degree angu-30 Celsius usuku ngalunye. Lezi zinto ziguquguquka ngo-3% kuphela ngokushisa, okusho ukuthi zigcina izihlungi zazo zingashintshiwe lapho izembozo ezivamile zivele zishiye. Phezulu ezintabeni zaseAndes ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-3 500 ukuphakama, lezi zinhlelo zilwa nomonakalo we-UV futhi zibhekana nokushintsha okusheshayo kwamazinga okushisa ngenxa yama-polymer aye ahlanganiswa ngokukhethekile ukuze akwazi ukubhekana nokucindezeleka ezindaweni eziphakeme kangako. Phansi emathafeni, lezi zingqimba ziyakwazi ukubhekana nemijikelezo engaphezu kuka-50 yokuqandisa nokuncibilika unyaka ngamunye ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokwehla. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukufakwa kwe-GPS kudala amalunga ahlanganiswe kahle kangangokuthi izingcezu zeqhwa azikwazi ukungena. Konke lokhu kuncishiswa kwezidingo zokugcinwa kwawo ngamaphesenti angu-40 kuya kwangu-60 uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezindala zokukwenza ngesandla ezimweni zezulu ezifanayo. Kunoma ubani owakha izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwamanzi ezihlala isikhathi eside ezidinga ukunakekelwa okuncane, lolu hlobo lokusebenza okuqhubekayo lwenza umehluko omkhulu.

Ukuhlelwa kwezindlela zokugcina izindlu zokudlula ngokuzenzakalelayo: Ithutha, i-Slope, nokuhlanganisa imithetho

Isimo sokuphakamisa umbono: ukungena kwe-pH yethutha, isikhundla sokudlula kwamanzi, ubukhulu bomphakathi wokudlula, nokuhlanganisa nokubhalwa kwe-EPA/ISO 14040

Ukuze izinto zenziwe kahle endaweni, kudingeka izinqumo ezenziwe ngendlela efanele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimfanelo eziyingqayizivele zendawo ngayinye. Umhlabathi kufanele ube ne-pH ephakathi kuka-4.5 no-8.5 ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle. Lapho inhlabathi iba ne-asidi eningi (ngaphansi kuka-5.5), ama-polymer avame ukubola ngokushesha, ngezinye izikhathi aze afike ku-40% ngokushesha kunokujwayelekile. Ezindaweni lapho amanzi ehla kakhulu khona emagqumeni (ngokwehla okungaphezu kuka-6%), sidinga izinhlelo zokuqinisa eziqinile ngoba la mabala abhekana nengcindezi yamanzi engaphezu kuka-30%. Ukuhlola ukuzinza kwe-slope ngokuvamile kuhilela uhlobo oluthile lokwakheka kwezwe ukuze kunqandwe ukuguguleka lapho inhlabathi imanzi ngokuphelele. Yonke imiklamo kufanele ilandele imithetho ye-EPA ngokuphathwa kwamanzi emvula futhi ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ze-ISO 14040 zokubheka izinto kulo lonke umjikelezo wazo wokuphila. Lezi zimfuneko zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokho okwakhiwayo empeleni kunciphisa umonakalo emvelweni, endaweni ethile engaba ngama-25 kuya kuma-35% omonakalo omncane kunezindlela zendabuko. Okwenza konke lokhu kusebenze ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi omuhle wokukhucululwa kwamanzi nemikhuba enokwethenjelwa yemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwendawo esibhekene nayo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini indlela eyinkulu yokusebenzisa ukulinyela kwe-ditch ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umsebenzi wabantu? Ukulinyela kwe-ditch ngokuzimela kusinika ukunciphisa okukhulu kwamafutha, ukwakha kahle kwesikhathi sokuphatha amanzi, nokunciphisa izindleko zezinsukwane ngokwakha kahle, ukunciphisa ukungafanele, nokusebenza kahle.

Yini umbuzo wokuchonga phakathi kwe-HDPE ne-liners ze-GCL ngokwesimo sesithili? I-HDPE liners ziyisifundiswa kumazibhambo noma emizini yezinsuku zokufihla kakhulu ngokwezindawo zokubaluleka kwayo nokubaluleka kokuvikela, ngakho-ke i-GCLs zingasusa izindleko zokusebenzisa amandla kodwa zidinga ukuthi amanzi ayilindekile ukuze zisebenze kahle.

Kungasebenza na ukulinyela kwe-ditch ngokuzimela emazulu amaningi? Yebo, izinhlangano zokulinyela kwe-ditch ngokuzimela zihlawulwe ukuze zitholele emazulwini onke, kusukela emazulwini we-Himalaya ekhanyayo kuze kumaqondiso we-Andes, ukunikeza ukuphatha amanzi kahle emazulwini onke.