Kusukela Ekudesigneni KuKuphatha: Ukubizana Kwezindawo Zokukhanya Kwamandla Nezinkampani Zokwakha

Indlela Okuyiyo Bekhona Ifomu Yama-Ditch Iyathuthukisa Amadonga Okwenza

Ukuphatha kwesikhala, ifomu yezibalo (V, U, trapezoidal), nezinkinga zokulandela izithelo zomhlaba

Ikhuluphakade lezindawo zokubhala kufanele libe ngokulingana nehlobo leshilisa esikhiwe. Ishilisa esinamandla amanqumana (cohesive clay) isinakeka ukubhala kwezindawo ezinkulu ngokulingana nesilinganiso se-1:1 ngaphandle kokuthwasa, ngakho-ke ishilisa esinamandla amanqumana (sandy or loose soils) kufanele ibhale ngokulingana nesilinganiso esincane sika-3:1 ukususa izinkinga zokuhlanya. Iphormu yezindlela zokubhala kuyinto ekuvumela ukuthi umfula ugcwele kahle kanye nokuthi izindawo zokubhala ziyakwazi ukuzimisa ngokuphelele ngemva kweminyaka. Izindawo zokubhala ezenziwa ngokufanayo ne-V zihamba ngokushesha umfula, kodwa zithwasa ngokushesha emasishini amancane futhi zifuna ukuzibeka kabusha ngokuphathelene ngezinsuku. Izindlela zokubhala ezenziwa ngokufanayo ne-U zihambisana umbono wokubhala ngokuphelele, zikhipha izinkinga zokuthwasa ngokulingana nesilinganiso se-30% emazweni apho kunezishilisa ezinkulu. Izindlela zokubhala ezenziwa ngokufanayo ne-trapezoidal zihlanganisa izinkinga zokugcina umfula, ukunakeka kwezindlela zokubhala, kanye nokunakeka kwezindlela zokuhlinza. Uma kusebenziswa ishilisa esinamandla amanqumana (rocky or volcanic soils), izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izindlela zokubhala ezenziwa ngokufanayo ne-triangular nezikhuluphakade zokubhala zokungena phansi ngokulingana nesilinganiso se-14 degrees zithwasa izindiza ezithwasa ngokulingana nesilinganiso se-40% kunezindlela zokubhala ezenziwa ngokufanayo ne-flat bottom. Ukwenza iziphakamiso zeshilisa emsebenzini kabefore ukubhala kufanele kusukela kusobala ukuthi kungabikho ukuthwasa kwezindlela zokubhala ngemva kwezinsuku, futhi kubhekise ukuthi izindlela zokubhala ziyakwazi ukuzimisa ngokuphelele ngokulingana nezinkinga zokubhala zokuphathelene nesikhathi.

Ukubhinda isiphakade phakathi kwezikhombiso zesithili sokuhlelwa nokuthi iziprofayela zokusebenza emkhambini

Ukuhamba kusukela emaphileni embonakaliso kuma-ditches omhlophe emhlaba kusho ukuchazela lokho abahayi bakhuliswa ngalo nokuthi imishini yokuqondisa iyakwenzela noma yikuphi. Gcina lezi zimbali zezinye izigaba nezinkampani zokuphatha nezinkampani eziphambili ezizwa kakhulu manje. Ukubanga kahle kwezi zinkampani kufuna amashini okukhupha awasetshenziswe ngamabhalo okuhlela okusetshenziswa ngokuphelele kwezintlobo zokubala zokubhala nokubhala. Lezi zimishini kufanele zibe ngezikhathi zokubhala kakhulu futhi. Izinhlelo zezindaba zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkampani zezinye zezinkam......

Ukukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba......

Amachina Amanqanaba vs. Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukhetha Amachina Amanqanaba Okukheth......

Ukukhetha phakathi kwezinkampani zezibhokisi ezincinci (ezingapansi kwezinkampani eziyisithupha) nezinkampani ezikade (ezihambisana kusukela ku-6 ku-20 tons) kubhekise kakhulu ukuthi umsebenzi uyakwenziwa njani ngokuphelele, izindawo ziphi ezingafinyelelwa, nokuthi amathuba ayezizwe ziyakhuluma njani. Izinkampani zezibhokisi ezincinci ziyasebenza kahle lapho indawo iphakeme ngoba ziyabona isikhala sokuzunguka esingapansi kwezinkampani eziyisithupha, nakuba noma ke zinokubhokisa kuphela kusukela ku-10 ku-12 feet. Izinkampani ezikade zinamandla amaningi kakhulu ngezindlela zokuvula ezinamandla angaphezu kwezinkampani eziyisikhumbu elinesithupha, futhi izibhokisi zabo ziyagcina kusukela ku-20 ku-25 feet, okunika umbono wokubhokisa kude nokubhokisa kwide, kodwa kuyadinga indawo eyisikhombisa kakhulu ukuze ibe yisikhumbisa ngokuphelele. Izinkampani ezingakhulu ziyavula izibhokisi ezincinci, ngakho-ke izinkampani ezincinci azikwazi ukubhokisa kude kwezizwe zonke ngokuphakeme ngokuphakeme kokufinyelela kwemiphumela yezifundo zasendaweni esedlule. Lapho kuyisikhathi sokwenza izinto ngokuphelele endaweni, ukubambisana kwezinkampani nezizwe ziyakwenza umphumela omkhulu. Izinkampani zezibhokisi ezincinci ziyasebenza kahle kwezizwe zesi-2 njengezizwe zokushisa noma izizwe zokushisa noma izizwe zokushisa, kodwa kuzizwe ezikhulu njengezizwe zokushisa ezikhulu noma izizwe zokushisa zokushisa, akukho lotho olungcono kunezinkampani ezikade kulesi sevisi.

Ukudlula kwezindawo, Amabhalayi we-V, Namabhalayi okuhlela—Ukuhambisana kwezindlela zokugcina nezindlela zokudlula

Ukukhetha izindlela zokugcina kuyisiphumo esikhundleni sokuguqula isimo sezindawo zokudlula kuqinisekisa ukuthi kwenziwa ngokuphelele nokuthuthukile. Indlela eyodwa iyakwakha ukuthi kwenziwe ngokuphelele ngomlando omunye—noma ukuvikela ukuthi kwenziwe kabusha okubizwa ngokuthi kubiza imali.

Amabukhukhu angamagqabi ayasebenza kahle ukubhala izinkambu eziyisikhathi esihle kwezinsila zokuphakama noma kwezinsila zokuphakama, kodwa kuyaphila uma kunezinkambu. Lokho kukuphela okubhekene nezinkambu zokubhala ngokwesithembiso, ngoba zingena kwezinsila zokuphakama kahle kakhulu. Amabukhukhu okugrada ayakha kakhulu izinhlobo zokubhala eziyisikhathi esihle, kodwa kuyaphila ngokungafani kwezinye izindlela zokusebenza. Abaprofesiwane bahlala bavuma ukuthi baya kwenza izihlombe zokusebenza ngaphezu kwe-30% ngokulingana nokuthi abanye abaprofesiwane baya kwenza njengoba baya kwenza ngokusebenza kwezinye izindlela. Uma kusebenziswa izinhlobo zokubhala ezihlanganisiwe, abasebenzi abaningi abaswitcha amathuluzi ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa izisikhwama zokuhlanganisa amathuluzi bavuma ukuthi kubonakala ukuthuthukiswa kwe-25% kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zabo zonke. Kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi isivinini sesihamu sesihamba ngendlela efanele, okungukuthi phakathi kwe-12 kanye ne-25 gallons ngomzuzu. Ukwenza lokho kunceda ukuthi amathuluzi aqonde amandla angafanele futhi akhangele ukuthi kubhekene ngokushesha ngokusebenza.

Ukwenza Izinhlobo Zokubhala Ezihlanganisiwe Izinhlobo Zokubhala : Amathuluzi Emibili, Amathuluzi Ekhethwe Ngokwemisebenzi, Namathuluzi Oshwele

Ukubeka Amashini Ngokulandela, Ukubeka Kwesibhakabhaka Kwenqaba, Kunye Nokuthola Kwesikhathi Sokuphatha Kwamandla Okuhambisana Ngokwesibhakabhaka Kwezindawo Zemibili

Ukwenza izindawo zemibili kahle kuyiphakanyiswe kakhulu ngokulandela okuhle, ukuvumela ukuthi izinto ziphakanyiswe ngokuphelele, kunye nokuphatha kahle ukugcina ukugcina kwesilinganiso sokugcina. Ngokujwayelekile, umsebenzi wokususa isibhakabhaka esinomthwalo omncane ususa indawo yokuqala emva kwalokho ukufika ekupheleni kwesilinganiso. Emva kwalokho, isibhakabhaka sibhakabha indawo yokuqala apho izinyango zezinye nezinye zihambisana. Le ndawo iphakanyiswe kakhulu ukuthi ibe yinkambo yokuphakanyisa. Emva kwalokho, umuntu oyisebenzisa isibhakabhaka sokugcina sibhakabha konke ukuze kubhekwe kahle futhi ukugcina kubhekwe ngokuphelele. Ngokwesifundo esasendaweni yase-2023 yase-United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS), lapho abasebenzi baphakanyisa indawo yokuqala ngokuphelele, bakhula ubukhona bekuphakanyisa ngemithiyeli ezingama-40 kulokho okubhekwa ngaphandle kwalokho.

Ngemva kokugcina ukubala, abasebenzisi baphatha indlela yokuzivikela kwe-hydraulic ngokushesha okuphakathi kwezinsuku, okubhalisa isikhundla sesibhakabhaka ngokuphakathi futhi kusobala ukuguqula ubude nobunzima. Lokhu kusinika ukuthi isikhathi sesibili siyafika ekuphakamiseni kwesifundo sokufika kwe-flow—kukhuluma ukungafiki (okubangela ukuvula) noma ukuthatha izinsitha eziningi (okubangela ukuphakama kwamathuba).

Lokhu kuchazwa ngokugcina kwezinkqubo zokusebenza futhi kubuyisela ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic—iziphumo zezindawo zibonisa ukuthi kususa isikhathi sokwakha kabusha ngo-25% ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela zokwakha ezintsha. Okwesibili, ukulandela ukusebenza kwemashini nokufaneleka kwezindawo zokuphakama kubuyisa ukulungisa nokwenza izindawo zokuvula kufana ngokusebenza kwezindawo zokuvula, okuyinto ephatha isivinini nemiphumela yezindawo zokuvula.

Ukukhathazeka kwezinkinga eziphambili Ukulungisa izindawo zokuvula futhi ukwenza izindawo zokuvula ngokungafanele

Ukuzibuyela kwezinto eziphansi kwesikhwama, ikakhulu izithi zezinsila nezinkinga zokugcina kwamazibhambo, kuyisibonelo sokuthi izinsila zokubeka kufa kakhulu, okusho ukuthi kunezindlela ezinengqondo zokulungisa ezinengqondo ngokupheleleyo. Uma abasebenzi abangabizwa ngokulinganisa amashini ayo noma izinqobo zabo ngokulinganisa nokufakwa kokubhekisele kwezinkambo, bafaka kancane kuneokufanele noma kude kuneokufanele, okuvula isikhundla sokususa amanzi ngokupheleleyo. Izimfanelo ezincane zingaba zingcono kakhulu lapha. Isibonelo, uma kukho ubugcwele obukhulu kubude bakwesibhambo esishumi, amanzi ayohamba ngokushesha kancane ngokulinganisa ngo-15%, okuvula ukuthi kunezinkambo ezinengqondo zokuhlanganisa izinkambo nezinkinga zokuphuma kwezinsila. Ukufumana imiphumela emihle kufuneka usebenzisa izinhloso zokugcina ngokulinganisa futhi uhlale uhlole konke ngokusebenzisa i-GPS njengoba umsebenzi uyavuka. Okudala emva kokubekwa kufuna ukubhekiswa futhi. Uma izindawo ziyahlanza ukubhekisa indawo yokuqondwa kwezinsila noma ziyahlukanisa ukuthi kunezinhloso zokuvula izinsila, izinkinga ziyadlula ngokushesha. Umgcino wokuvula izinsila wabonisa ukuthi izindlela zokulungisa ziyadlula ngokulinganisa ngo-40% eminyakeni miyane uma lezi zinkinga azizihlonzwa ngokupheleleyo ngosuku lwesokuphela. Abathengisi abanengqondo bazi lezi zinto ngokupheleleyo. Bazilungiselela phambi, bahlale bahlole amashini ngokulinganisa nabayiliyoni ngemisebenzi yabo, futhi babhala izimfaneko ezinengqondo zokuhlukanisa izinsila ukuze bazivule ukuthi kufanele bafake kabusha konke emva kwalokho.

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Kungani ukuthi isithakazelo sesandla sibalulekile kubukwa kwemithambo?

Isithakazelo sesandla sishaya umkhondo wokuphakama nokufomela kwemithambo okuyisifunda esihle sokugcina ubukhemphe nokubhekana nezimo zezwe lelizwe. Amasandla amahlanu ane-inkimbinkimbi eyodwa yokushiyela amathuba ngaphandle kokuphakama noma kuhlela.

Yini iziphumo zokusebenzisa amashinye ayesikrwele?

Amashinye ayesikrwele ayafanana ngokuphelele nesithakazelo semithambo, kusiza ekufomeleni ngokucophelela futhi ukunciphisa umbiko wokuvula kabusha, okunquma ukuthi kunezinkinga zokusebenza futhi kunciphisa izindleko.

Ukuthi izinsiza zezimoto zasezinsizweni nezinsiza zezimoto zasezinsizweni zinceda njani kubukwa kwemithambo?

Izinsiza zezimoto zasezinsizweni nezinsiza zezimoto zasezinsizweni zinceda ukugcina ubukhemphe ngokuthinteka kuzilungiselelo zokubuka ngokushesha ngokubuka, ukuvumela ukuthi izilinganiso ezithiwe zizofakwa ngokuncipha kakhulu iziphoso.