Indima Ebalulekile Yokulayishwa Kwizinzele Ezikhiqizwayo Emphakathini Yezimali Yezindlu Zokudla

Ukuziqonda Inkxalabo Yokuthunyelwa Kweenqwelo Kunye Nendlela Yesiphazamiso Izindawo Ezilolwini

Ubuchule: Ubungakanani Besiphazamiso Emithobeni Engalolwini

Imithombo engalolwini ihlala isiphazamiso esingu-30–50% sezenqulo ezithunyelwayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfundo wemithombo enkulu (Zakir-Hassan et al. 2023). Le minikelo ihlukile kakhulu emthambathini oshishini, emthambathini onqamlezileyo, kunye nezifundazwe ezinexabiso eliphezulu lezenqulo, ebahlukisa inqulo efanelekileyo yezityalo ngama-32% emaseleni amahle.

Ukuchanekwa: Ukulinganisa Ubunzima bokulethwa kwezimali ezenzekeleni zezokulima

I-efficiency yokulethwa kwezimali ikhisiwa njengemilingano phakathi kwezimali elilethwe emashishini nezimali efakelwe kuzindawo. Izindlela ezibalulekile njengezivivinyo zezimali nezilinganiso zokungena nokuphuma zibonisa i-efficiency esekela kwi-55–65% emathikwini angalondolwanga. I-conductivity yehydraulic engaphezu kuka-2.4 m/ngu-leya ibonisa ukuthi kudingeka ngqo ukulondolwa.

Isifundo Sombuso: Ukwala Kwesimali Emathikwini Angalondolwanga AseIndus Basin

Ku-Indus Basin e-Pakistan, imithi engalondolwanga iyala izilimitha ezingu-3.2 ngosuku lwesikhashana ngekilomitha—lokhu kulingana no-2,764 m³ ethintekileyo ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esihle sesizungu se-100 km. Isahluko esihlanu kwezindiza ezingu-12 kubonise ukuthi ukuwala kwesimali kwaye kuhlaba izinqoba zewoti nge-18% emazindaweni ekugcineni ngokungabi nawo izimali ezaneleyo.

Isimo: Isimo Esijulile Kuyo Yonke Indawo Ngaphambili Ekuphileni Kwefundo Lokulethwa Kwezimali

Amashumi asothoba-7 kwezimboni ezintsha zokunqamula manje kudinga izindawo eziphakeme, ekhuthazwa ngemithetho yokwenzela ubuhlebantwana beqilefu ngaphansi kwemithombo njengeMthethosisekelo wamanzi we-NUN. Amathuluzi okuziphatha kwegcineke kakhulu akhuthaza izikhali zokusebenza kanjalo nezigaba zokuphila, esekelwe kumendini emiswe eminingi eyenzela ukubala kahle kwezindleko zamanzi.

Ukukhetho: Ukubala Izindleko Zamanzi Ukuze Kugcinwe Indlela Esetshenziswa Yizindawo Ezinophakeme

Ukufakwa kwezixhobo ngemvula enguququkayo usebenzisa i-flowmeters ezihlambulukelayo nezibhamu zamandla amandla kuvumela abasebenzi ukuthola izindawo ezinezindleko ezinkulu ngeyona vikela enezimali ezingu-92%. Emhlabeni waseNtshonalanga ka-Asia, izimboni ezisebenzisa le ndlela zafuna iziphumo ezingu-65% emva kokuphakama. Imatrixes yokugcina indlela ephakathi kwezindleko, ingcamango yezithelo, nezimali zokulungisa kusiza ekukhethweni kwebuciko bokwelashwa.

Kani Izindawo Ezinophakeme Zinesiza Ngokuletha Namanzi Nokulindela Kuzimboni Zokunqamula

Umbuso: Kani Izindawo Ezinophakeme Zilahlaza Izindleko Zamanzi Futhi Zenza Ngcono

Ukulayisha izindawo zokuhlola kwenza uhlelo olukhathaza ukuba lingele ngendlela yokuhlola okungaba ngu-85% kunazo ezintanga ngokulinganisa nezindawo eziphambili zokuhlola ngokubheka kusayensi kaKraatz engu-2023. Ukulethwa kwezimali kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinhlelo eziphambili zihlala zifakazela ngokushesha nge-60%, ngelishwa izinhlelo ezintsha ezelayishwe zihlala ziyaphila phezulu kune-90%. Lapho umhlaba ungabi namandla wokuhlola ngoba kule layisha, amanzi ayehlisa ngendlela epholile. Lokhu kubalulekile kuthinta ukuthi kungabi khona izinkinga eziningi ngokuphulwa kweziphumphi futhi kunciphise imali ekhethekayo ekusetshenziswa ekulungiseni iziphumphi nezinkinga ezinye zokugcina phansi. Amadistrikte amaningi akhomba ukuthatha isilinganiso esikhulu emva kokushintsha kuzindawo ezilayishwe.

Isibonelo: Ukulayisha Ngobuchwepheshe eDistrikini Yekhambi LeImperial

Indawo enkulu yokulima ngemifula e- southwest yase-US ibekwe ukuncipha kwezimali zemifula ngama-62% emva kokulayisha izindlila ezingu-143 km ngeconcrete esisodwa. Leli qembu libe luthintela izimali zemifula ezi-278,000 acre-feet nguye ngalinyanga—okwanele ukulima izihlalo ezingu-89,000 ezifutshane—futhi lithulela izicelo ezingu-$2.1 million ngalinyanga ekuphileni kwemifula.

Isimo: Ukususwa Kwezibuko Ezintsha Zokulayisha EziNingizimu Ezinkulu

Izibuko zeclay zenziwe ngemiphefumulo neconcrete eguqukile ngemiphefumulo manje zibalwa ngama-74% yezinqubo zokulayisha ephakathi kwonke (Injini Yezimali Zemifula 2023). Lezi zibuko zinika ubuchwepheshe obungaphezu kuka-40% kungeka concrete enhlelekile futhi zilondolozo permeability phansi kwe-1–10⁻¹¹ m/s, okwenzela ukuthi zibe yisiphumo esifanele kumazwe aphathelene nokushisa nokukhula kwezehlathi.

Ukususa: Ukukhetha Iindlela Ezifanele Yokulayisha Ngokwesandla Nenhlalo

Bamejini baningi kamanje bathetha kuma-PVC ukulayisha xa kufundiswa ngezimo zomlaba wobude, ngoba bathintela ukungena kwamanzi kabusha ngama-92%. Kodwa kizindawo eziphelele kumachiza, isiphumo esinikezwe siasfalti singcono kakhulu ngoba sinquma izilinganiso zempihlelo yentliziyo. Xa kubhekwa kizindawo ezithintekileyo kumvutha, abagqikazi abaningi bethembisa ukusebenzisa amabhokisi akhulunywa wekonesathi. Le ngxenye iqhubeka iphila kakhulu kumthwalo futhi ibuza ukuthutha kwezimali phakathi kwe-0.3 ne-0.7 milimita ngonyaka. Lokhu kuyinhloso yokuphila kakhulu kwezixhumanisi ngaphandle kokubhokoza ukuhamba kwamanzi emhlabeni ngokugcwele. Ukuthola umfanekiso ohlelekile wokulayisha olufanelekileyo kuzimpendulo ezithile kuyenza uhlu olukhulu. Izinkomba zibonisa ukuthi lokhu kwenza ukusebenzisa amanzi kube 19 kuze kube 34% okunjengoba, lokhu kusho ukuthi sithola into engcono kakhulu kusenzima kodwa sisebenzisa amathuba ethu angcono.

Ukungenwa Kwemali Nokuncipha Kwezimali Ngokudala Kwezimali Zolayishwa Eziguleni

Ukumisela: Ukwahlulwa Kwezimali Zokuphatha Ngokuphelele Kwemigodi Efanayo Ngezinye Ezidingekileyo

Nakuba imigodi engadingeki yekonkreti ihla kancane kakhulu ngama-40–60% kuqala, kodwa zihlala zilungise izindleko zokulungiswa phakathi kweminyaka engu-15 ngoba kumele kudluliselwe futhi kususwa umphefumulo. Imigodi ehlangeneyo ngekonkreti ihlala iphila amashumi amathupha angamashumi ahlukene ngenkathi kunciphisa ukulungiswa, ihlanganisa inani lokufaqa kanye nesilinganiso se-9:1 emazulwini amancane, njengoba kuchazwe kuhlazo lase-Water Policy Institute lase-2024.

Isibonelo: Izimali Ezitholakele Ekulungeni Imigodi Yehhawu Lase-Arizona

Umsebenzi wokuhlanganya imigodi engu-240 km ehhawu lase-Arizona ubeka phansi izindleko zomlilo ngama-38% kanye nezindleko zezinhlayiya ngama-$2.1 million ngaphakathi kuminyaka emitathu. Abafowethu bakhulise isikhala esingafakwa ngama-22%, kanti izimali ezifakwayo ezingu-$18.2 million ziqiniselwe ngemphikiswano yokulindela udaka okudala kude njengoba kuchazwe kuhlazo lase-2023 lwe-Water Resource Economics.

Indlela Ebophephayo: Ukunyuka Kwezimali Ezifakelwayo Emigodini Ehlangeneyo Ngokuthola Umthelela Ogcinezayo

Igovermenthu manje ibeka izindawo ezilinelwa kwi 78% yezinhlelo ezintsha zokulima, ibonisa indima yazo ekufakeleni i-UN SDG 6 ikhishini lokusebenzisa amanzi ngokwemithetho. Izinto ezintsha njenge geomembranes ne-slabu yeconcrete ezenziwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi zibenza ukuba izindleko zokufaka ziphansi umkhawulo we 34% ngemuva kuka 2005.

Ukukhetha: Ukuqinisekisa izindleko zokuqala ngezimali ezisaveka kude ngamanzi namandla

Izinhlelo eziphathelene—ekubekeni amakhopa kuphela emakhondlo aphazamisa kakhulu ngelokho kubuyela esebenzisa izindawo ezingenalo emhlabathini embalimbali—ziziphazamisa izindleko zokuqala ngama-28% ngelokho kuzosabela 80% yezimali ezisaveka ngamanzi. Uma kudweliswa nokulandela okuphelele, ubude bezinhlalo belineri baphefumula kusuka ku 35 iminyaka, kusenzo izindleko zomphakathi ziphansi kuma $740,000 ngalokilomitha (Ponemon 2023).

Ubunzima Bokuphila Nokuthatha Ukuthile Okungcono KweLining Yezindawo Zokulima Ekuphathweni Kwamanzi

Ukuchaza: Kanjani Uku-Lining Kwizindawo Kusiza Ekuphathweni Kwamanzi Ngendlela Eyangqina

Ukulinya kwezindiza kuyakhusela amandla emhlabeni ngokuthatha ukungena kwamanzi kuze kube ngu-75% (Meijer et al., 2006), okukhuthaza ukunxibelela kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenzisa amandla angcono ekunyoselwa kwezindiza. Izimboni ezintsha ezifana nezinhlangothi zezindiza zezinhlanganiseli zingcinezela ukuthintana kwegolide ngasikhathi sokufaka, kuvumela ukuthunyelwa kwizinhlanganiseli eziphathelene nesimo sezamandla.

Indlela Yomphakathi: Ukuncipha Kokuqashwa Kwemitholampofu Ngaphansi KokuLondoloza Kwamanzi Emhlabeni

Nakuba kusebenza kahle ekulondolozeni amanzi, ukulinya kukunciphisa ukuqashwa kwemitholampofu ngama-40–60% emazulwini amancane (Yao et al., 2012), okubangelwa izimo eziphathelene nokugcina kwemitholampofu. EIndus Basin, ukuthuthuka kokuqashwa kwenxibelelo kwalahleka izihlahla zeqiniso ezitholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe, kuchaza ukuthi kudingeka ukulungiswa kokulungiselela.

Isibonelo: Ukwahlukana Kwe-Ecological E-Murray-Darling Basin

I-Basin yeMurray-Darling e-Australia yakhuthazwa kumvuzo wamanzi emhlabathini ngemitholampofu engu-30% emva kukaqhakatha kwizindlu ezingu-1,200 zezimpendulo ngekonkreti. Kodwa, ukulungiswa kwezintshila kwasula ngemitholampofu engu-25%, kubangelisa izimali ebalulekile kumaphepha ebukhanyayo. Ukulungiselela lokhu, abalawuli bahlala basebenzisa iindlela ezithile ezingaqhakathi ukuze bahlale behlale bezisusa ubunzima bomphakathi, bokugcina kakhulu ukubalwa kwezimo zomphakathi ngokwahlukanayo.

Ukukhetho: Ukwahlukaniswa Kwempendulo Ngokuhlanganisa KwiNtonga YokuLondoloza Kwamanzi

Imiphumela engcono iyadinga ukuhlanganiswa kweziphondo ezihlamulwe nezinqumo zokulondoloza amanzi (MAR) nezepholisi ezinika amanzi ahlinzekileyo kumvuzo wamanzi. Umzekelo, ukudibanisa ukuhlamba konkreti nabezibuko belwandle belwandle bakushintsha ukungahle kwezintshila ngelishwa kujabulela ukulandela okuphumelelayo—lokhu kukhetho kuphumelela emaseleni athintekayo ngamanzi njengeKhehlasa yaseNtshonalanga.

Ukusabalalisa Ubunzima Bamanzi Nenkokheli Yendlela Ngokuhlama Kwempendulo

Injongo: Ukungqamuka KweSandla Nokuchithwa Kwamanzi EsiMpandleni

Amathambo angaphandle kwegcine akusayi ukuthutha kwizindlela zokugcina nokufakwa kwezimali, ekulahlela 8–15% yemithombo yamanzi ngonyaka ngokungena kwamanzi okugcina okubhala izimali ezidolile, iziphathe impahla, nezimali ezinkulu emhlabathini esengenyeni. Lokhu kukhanya izibonakaliso ze-algal futhi kuhlanza ubumnandi bemanzi nesimo sendlela yokudlula.

Ukuchucho: Ukuqhathaniswa Phakathi Kwegcine Yethambo Nenkinga Ethe Tinsukia Emancane Ngamandla Kuze Kuphumelele

Igcine elingavumi kumanzani kususa ukuguqwa kwezimali nge-60–75%, ngantso ya-2023 yokufunda ngamanxi amanqaku. Igcine lekonkrethi nalesayensi yepolymers ilima ukuxhasana kwezinkinga phakathi kwamanzi nemhlabathi, ikhusele isilinganiso se-pH futhi ilahlele ukungena kwenitrojini—lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuzinikeleni i-agriculture nendlela ethembekile yokunakekelwa kwemifuno.

Isibonelo: Ukuthutha Kwinqubo Yamanzi Ekugcinweni Kwezindlu ZasePunjab, eYindhia

Ukushintshwa kukaPunjab kumazibuko alandelayo kwakubangela ukunciphisa kwezimali ezingu-90% zezinhlela eziphathelene nesitsha emanzini ekususweni ngeminyaka engu-5. Lokhu kuthuthukisa kwayekwenzela izokolelo ukufanelela i-EU export standards yebhanty rices, kuyingxenye yokuthi izimo zokusebenza zikakhulu zihlengahlenga ukufinyelela kwemercantile ngemuva kokulungisa umfula wamanzi kususwa kwezinhlela zokuzithembela.

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa kulayiningi kwebhola?

Ukulinganisa okuphumelelayo komanzi kuyindlela yokuqashisa inani lamanzi elandelayo emasimbini kunalokho kwalandywa kuzindawo, kuchaza kanjani amanzi ayashintshana kakuhle kumazibuko ekususweni.

Kungani ukulayina kwebhola kubaluleke?

Ukulayina kwebhola kubalulekile ngoba kunciphisa ukungena komanzi kuphansi, kakhuluza ubunikazi bomthwalo wamanzi, kunciphisa izindleko zokuhlela, kanye nokuvutha ubumnandi bamanzi, ngakuthe endulo kunciphisa izindlela zamanzi.

Iziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa kulayiningi kwebhola?

Izimpendulo ezihle kakhulu zokulungiswa kweganga kufana nesilika, izimpendulo zezintlu zegesi (GCLs), isilika esinguqukayo yepolymere, izimpendulo zePVC, nezinhlotshane zesilika ezigxilwayo, ezitholakala ngokuthi kuyinxenye yezimo zikhasi.

Kutheni ukungcono kwezimali kweganga elungiswe?

Nakuba ukulungiswa kweganga kususa ukulahla nokulandela amanzi, kungahlukanisa ukubuyala kwamanzi angaphansi komlilo kanye nokubangelwa kwezinhloso ezingatholakali kakhulu ekuphileni kwamanzi. Kudingeka ukulungiswa okulinganiselwe ukuze kugcinwe ubunzima obukhona.

Ukungcoliswa kweganga kuhlela njani ubumfihlo bamanzi?

Iganga elungiswe lilungisa ukuthi kuvale amathambo nemphako, lisuse izinkinga phakathi komanzi nesilika, liphinde libe yindlela yokuthutha kwamanzi engcono engcwele ekulondolozeni kwebhantsha.