Ukuxazulula Ukuphazanyiswa kanye Nokungabiwa Kwamanzi Emasimini Amanzi Ngokulayisha Ngobuchwepheshe

Phantsi Ukulayisha kwe-Concrete Kususa Isiphazamo Sezimali eZingqaleni Zokunxusa Izimali

Ukuziqonda Ukungabi Kwezimali Ngokuphazamiswa eZingqaleni Zokunxusa Izimali

Izinzele ezangelayishwa ezitholakala zihlala zilahla ama-30–50% wezimali ezothuthwa ngokuphazamiswa, nokuba kufinyelela ku-14.66 L/(h·m) emhlabathini enezimali (Ghazaw 2011). Lokhu kuhlala kakhulu emakhaya anemali enkulu kanye nempahla yamagugu, lapho imboniso ivikela ukuthi isiphazamo singaphezulu kuma-60% wezimali zokunxusa izimali ngaphambi kokufika kumagugu.

Indlela Okulayishwa Kwizinzele Ze-Concrete Kuyangcongela Ukugcinwa Kwezimali

Ubuncanezela bakaconcrete (10⁻⁶ cm/s) buvela isiphazamiso esihlakaniphile sokuhlanyelana, kuyekisela ukuhlanyelana ku ≤1.94 L/(h·m)—ukuthuthuka okungu-85% kungezansi yezindlela ezingahlalwanga (Ding & Gao 2020). Ubunzima bakuqobo bukhekhekisa ukugayayo kunokuba kulinganiselwe nezinye iziliningi, kubeka ubunzuzululo bakhona ngaphezu kuka-90% ngoba ngu-25 iminyaka nangenye.

Isibonelo: Ukugcina Amathambo Ngemigodi Ehlalwe Ngokonkreti eRajasthan, eIndia

Inkampani yokuhlala izindlela ngo-2014 emasimini amadrama eRajasthan yayekisela ukuchithwa kwamathambo nguye 72 million m³ ngonyaka, kuvumela ukulahlekelwa kwezimali ezingu-15,000 ezengeziwe. Abafowethu babeka ukuthuthuka okungu-28% kumaphakade ngoba bekungenazo umthamo wamanzi ngeminyaka engaqeda (Jadhav et al. 2014).

Ubunzuzululo Bokudluliswa Kwamanzi: Izindlela Ezilalwe vs. Ezingalali

Ukulinganisa kwezindawo kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinelinya zifinyelela amathuba okuqaleka okongezelwe kabusha ngokushesha ngenxa yezinhlangothi ezizimimele kanye nokunciphisa ukuthutha kwamathambo.

Ukubala iZimali Ezithintekayo Ngokusetshenzisana NeLinya LeConcrete

Izilinya zeconcrete ezenziwe ngendlela efanelekile zilinda ama-180,000—240,000 alitha ngaselikilomithela ngosuku—okwanele ukulima izihlaba ezingu-650 ngonyaka ngalinye. Ngenkathi yindlela yokucindezela isiphaluko esiyi-97% (Eltarabily et al. 2024), lezi zinhlelo zithola izimali ezingu-$74/ha ngonyaka ekunciphiseni izindleko zokuphanda kuphela.

Ukunqamula KweConcrete Ukuvikela Ukucindezeka Kwamanxhele

Ukuziphatha KokuCindezeka Kwezisebenziso Zokulima

Ukucindezeka okungavikengi kuthula ama-15—30% wezimali zezamazinyo ngonyaka kanye nokuhlukunyamala izibindi zemanxhele ngokudluliswa kwegazi kanye nokushintjiswa kwamanxhele, kuchaza ukuthi kungahlupheke futhi kuthintele izindlu zezimali (FAO 2023).

Ukukhanda Kwesithunzi SeManxhele Ngokusebenzisa Ukunqamula KweConcrete

Amalini engcongwe kudinga ukulahlwa kwegazi elihamba ngemigqa engu-6 ku-sekhenji futhi kusula ukucindezwa kwesibaya nge-60 iphasenthi ngendlela esilinganisa nozindiza zomlaba njengoba kuchazwe kumasebenzi kaFood and Agriculture Organization ngo-2023. Isandla esibindi sikhlinza izinto ezincane zomlaba ukuthi azilahlwe futhi sikhlinze isakhecho sesibayeni sihlanjelane kangcono ukuze igazi lihambise ngendlela efanayo. Sebenzisa umzekelo wokulungisa isibayeni seKolwezi eDemocratic Republic of Congo. Basebenzisa uhlelo oluthile lwamakonkreti aphathelene kahle kakhulu nokuhlukunyezwa noma kunjalo igazi libe nemipunga engaphezu kakhulu yezimboni ephakeme.

Umzekelo Wombuso: Ukukhokha Kukuxhumana Nezindlela Zegazi eNile Delta

UMinisteri Wempilo Yezimali Yase-Egypt uyayicaphula:

• ukunciphisa ngu-72 iphasenthi ukucindezwa kwesibaya emva kokulinya izindlela zegazi ezingu-142 km eDelta
• izindleko zokuhlupha zihluka phansi nge-44 iphasenthi ngama-5 iminyaka
• ukunyusa kwe-18 iphasenthi ekwenzekweni kwezixhumanisi

Ukulungana Kwizindleko Ezikude Ngaphambi Kwezidingo Zokulondoloza Izindlela

Nakuba izindleko zokuqala ziyingxenye ye- $18 kuya ku-$32 ngaline line meter, izindawo ezilinywa ngeconcrete zibambeza izindleko zokuhlela ngonyaka ngo-40% emva kweminyaka engama- (Ponemon 2023). Izisebenzi ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zomlando wokwenza izinkunzi zebhuluke zithola ukulungiswa kwezingxenye eziphazanyayo okungenani ngama-90% kunazo ezilinywa ngeclay.

Izimiso Ezilungileyo Zokulungiswa Kwe-Concrete Canal Lining Ngaphakathi Kwe-Erosion

• Yenza indawo ephakeme noma phansi kwe-30° ukuze ubambeze ubuchwepheshe bokugaya
• Faka amajointhi okuwelisa ngalinye i-4—6 imitha
• Sebenzisa ubude obuncane be-10 cm emakhundleni aphinde aphinde amanzi
• Qhubeka ngezinjikezelo ezivela kuleserimu ngonyaka ukuze uthole amathuba aphezu kwalokho

Ukulinganisa Okulinganiselana Kwamadoda WeLining Yezindawo Eziyintshiwe Ukugcina Amathambo Amancane

Ukulinganisa Ubunzima Bemigudu Yezindawo Eziyintshiwe

Izinhlelo zokuhlola zihlukuza i-$740 million ngonyaka ekuphazanyeni kumhlaba wonke (Ponemon 2023), lokhu kuyakha ukukhetha umongo kubaluleke kakhulu. Isahluko se-2023 esilinganisa amagugu ecalala emkhawulweni yezindawo ezisidumbini kuthola:

Ukukhanya okungcono kwekonkrethi (0.001 cm/s) kumlimita ukungena kwamandla ngaphandle futhi kumvikelela ukulahlekwa kwegunya phansi, ngakhoke kubizwa ngokuthi ibhubhu elibhaciswe yizinkinga zokugayaza emkhathini ohlase.

Kungani Ikonkrethi Lihambe Kangcono Kunesilinga se-Plastic Nasebhubhweni

Izilinga zeplasticizing zingakwamukela ukungena kwamandla nge-95%, kodwa ukuchithakala kwe-UV kususa ubunzima babo nge-40% ngaphakathi kweminyaka engu-15 (MDST 2024). Ngokuphambene, ikonkrethi isabela ukungena kwamandla nge-3% kuphela noma inyanga eziningi. Isibonelo, emva kokufaka izilinga ze-simente eNtabankulu, ukuhambisa amandla eNtabankulu yayihamba kusuka ku-60% usuku ku-89%.

Ibhubhu elilodwa libadinga ukubekwa kabusha nguye nyaka ngamnye emazweni amaningi, lokhu kuyakwanda amathuba angaphandle komali wikonkrethi.

Izimbono Ezihlanganisiwe eGcingeni: Indlela Ehlakaniphile?

Izinhlelo ezintsha zokudala kanye nezibambisana njengezinkulungwane zokubamba kwabazali zikwa-concrete zunciphisa izindleko zokufaka ngama-25% ngelishweshwe ubunzima be-concrete. Isibonelo esivulekile e-Pakistan saphakamisa i-layer yezinkunkuma ezingu-15 cm nge-geotextile underlayment, futhi wafinyelela:

• ukulawula kwe-seepage okungu-99%
• ukufakwa okukhanya kangaka ngama-50%
• ukuncipha kwegcine kwe-cement ngama-30%, okunciphisa umfanekiso we-carbon

Abasebenzisa kuqala badesabusa ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ezihlangene zingakwazi ukuqhamuka kusabalalisekelo kwezindlu zokuhlinzeka zezokulima ngama-60% ngayo 2030.

Izibonelo eziphucwayo eziyinzuzo ze-Technology ye-Concrete Lining ye-Canals ezingcono

Izinkulungwane zokubamba kwabazali zika-concrete ezigcinwe ngemfuyo ezenziwa ngemfuyo

Izinkulungwane zokubamba kwabazali zika-concrete ezigcinwe ngemfuyo—izigaba ezisebenzisa imfuyo ezibamba ngokunqamula—zikhona isimo esikhulu kumathuba akhiweyo. Zunciphisa isikhathi sokufaka ngama-85% kungethulwini futhi zifinyelela amandla okugcina angama-28 MPa. Izivikeli eziqashiywe emifuleni yezulu ephahliwe zibonisa ukuncipha kwe-seepage ngama-94%, ekulungiseni kakhulu ubunzima nokukhanya kokufakwa.

Ukuthunyelana Kwe-Geotextiles Ne-Concrete Ukuze Kube Khona Ukukhona Kwemoto

I-Concrete liners ezivuselelwe ngama-geotextile zenza izigaba ezihlangene ezingavimbi kakhulu ukulahlekwa ngokugaya nokungena kwamazinyo. Isifundo sengxenye yekanalithi ngo-2023 sabonisa ukuthi lezi zinhlanzelo zibeki izindleko zokuphathwa ngaphansi kwe-$42/akara emhlabathini enobuchopho. Lesi simiso sinikeza ubude bebuso olungekho kusha 50—kulinganisela amashumi amathathu kunomdla weconcrete wasekuhlengeni, lapho kukhona kungcinwa kakhulu.

Izinhlotshwa Ezibonakalayo Ezenzulwini Ngokuphatha Amathambo Okudla

Izinto ezintsha eziqukethe isivinini, ukuhlakanipha kanye nokusebenzisa amandla ngendlela efanele:

• Izimixayo zeconcrete ezigcwelelweyo ezilowula ikhabhoni econdenyekayo ngama-30%
• I-Concrete egcina amahluko ngokuzenzekala iyobala amahluko angama-0.8 mm ngokuzenzekala
• Izinhlelo zokucindezela amandla amasolari ezingavimbi umsebenzi wamafutha avela kwezimali ngenkathi kususwa

Umphakathi wokulawula ukunyonyofatsa eHungary wafika ku-98% yokugcina amanzi ngokusebenzisa lezi zingalo ezihlanganisiwe, ngelenge yeziphazamiso zamandulo zibonisa ukufaka kwakhona kune-2,000 sq ft/noma ngisho—kuvumela izibuyekezo ezinkulu ngonyaka omnye wokupantsula.

Iziphumo zomnotho naseMvelo zeZimboni Zekonkrethi Ezilinyathelweyo Zokunquma

Ukuhlolwa Kwegazi Nokuthanda Kwesilinganiso Sekonkrethi Ekukhokezeni Ukungena Kwamanzi

Izindiza ezilinyathelwe konkrethi zikhubaza ukungena kwamanzi ngama-40—60% kunazo ezingalinyathelwanga, ngantso njengoba kuchazwe yisifundo sikaMDPI se-2020. Nakuba ukufakwa kungu-$40—$60 ngaline line meter, izinhlangano zihlala zifika ku-ROI ngeminyaka engu-7—12 ngokuthulaswa phansi izindleko zokupasha nezokulungisa. Izindawo zokuzalwa zilahla ama-$600—$800 ngalayini ngonyaka kuphela ekutholeni amanzi.

Umdingo WaseMvelo WeKuvuseleka Okuhle KokuLondoloza Amanzi Kuzindiza

Ukulinya kwekholobha kunciphisa ukuthatha kwezimali ezihlaza kumazibuko namakholobe ngama-72% ngokuthuthukisa ubunzima bokuletha. Lokhu kusiza ekugcineni izinhloso zomphakathi wamanzi namancipha umsebenzi wokuphumula nge-18—22% (Singh 2017). Imeyili ngayinye yekholobha ikhlinza ngokungafani kakhulu kwe-CO₂ engu-3 eton ngonyaka ngokunciphisa into efunwayo yokudrindrina kabusha.

Ubunzima obubiye bezenzo lezikhalo zakwaconcrete

I-Concrete liners ezifakiwe kahle zilondoloza ubunzima bawo ngama-92% emva kweguqulo lesithupha, zange zibe nzima kunazo ezine plastic nezine clay ngamashumi amabili na-6. Iyephambili yabo ivikela ukuthuthukwa kwesalini—lokhu kuyisimiso esibaluleke kakhulu ngoba isilinganiso se-34% sesikhala esinolwandle sikhona kuso kusenhliziyweni kusengxenyeni yasendlela inhliziyo yesalini (MDPI 2020). Lezi zinhlela zazingasebenze kakhulu kumathempherethura aphezulu (-4°F ku +122°F) akuthinti phansi, zancuma ekususweni kwemvula.

Izinqumo zokuhlela nokubamba izinkinga zokusebenzisa

Ukuhlolwa kwehlanzekile kuye kube ngamashumi amathathu kuya kumashumi amahlanu ngenyanga kanye nokulungisa kwasekuqaleni kwebanga kubamba izidingo zokuhlola kakhulu ezingu-82%. Ukwaziswa kwezimali kuthinta ukuthi usebenzise ikonkreti enesilingo esihlanganisiwe nge-polymer ngezandla ezingezansi ukuze kugcinwe ubomi bangezinsuku ezingama-50. Nakuba izindleko zokuqala zisohlala yizinkinga, amazwe angu-14 e-US anabonga manje ama-30—50% ekuphumuleni izidumbu zekhasimende kuzindawo eziphazanywayo nezempilo ezinezindleko eziningi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini igcobo elikhulu lekonkreti yokulayisha izindiza zokunquma?

Igcobo likonkreti libhekisela kuza kunciphisa ukudonsa kwamanzi, kuwuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokuletha amanzi, kanye nokulungiswa okungaphaya kwezinyoka ezindizeni zokunquma.

Kunjani ukusebenza kwekonkreti yokulayisha kuningi kunezinye izinto zokulayisha izindiza?

Ukulayishwa kwakonkreti kunciphisa ukudonsa kwezinsuku ezingama-92–97% kanye nobomi bangezinsuku ezingama-30–50. Kungenzeka kususe kakhulu futhi kudinga ukulungiswa okuncane kuningi kunezinye izinketho njengeplastic ye-HDPE noma ikhali eliqinile.

Ziziphi izimanje zokusebenzisa izilayishi ze-konkreti kuzindiza?

Ukusebenzisa izilingo zebhulukwe kusungula ukuthwala kwamanzi amahlanu, kunciphisa umthumbo wamandla okuphatha, kanye nokukhinchela CO₂, okusiza ekugcineni izinhloso.

Kukhona yini imithembeko yokufa ngezilingo zebhulukwe emathubini okunqamula?

Nakuba izindleko zokufaka kusendulo ziphakeme kakhulu, izinhlangano zezilingo zebhulukwe zinikeza impumelelo yezindleko ngomnyaka we-7–12, negciniso elikhulu kuzindleko zokuthenga manzi nezindleko zokuhlela.

Kuneziphi izibonelo ezisha ezenziwa kudolo kuteknoloji yezilingo zebhulukwe?

Izibonelo zifakiwe izimbotshane zeconcrete ezenziwa ngemfazi, iziliningi ezivalelwe geotextile, izihluko ezivuselekile, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphefumula ezivuselekile, konke kuzinzuzelayo ubushushu kanye nesitshalo.