Boemo bo Bohlokoa ba Mehlolo e Kopaneng ho Liqeto tsa Ho Phahla Mafelong ka Kakaretso

Utliswa Tšebetso ea Kutlisiso ea Metsi le Bothata ba Phatlalalo ea Seepage Ka Metsi a Lekaleng

Phenomenon: Bohlokoma ba Phatlalalo ea Seepage ka Metsi ea Earthen

Metsi a earthen a sa ngqahleng a hlola 30–50% ea metsi a transportwang ka seepage, ho latela lintlha tse holim'a mefuta e mengata ea tlhokomeliso (Zakir-Hassan et al. 2023). Phatlalalo ena e ikhethile haholo libong tse nang le dinonyana, bedrock e hlakileng, le libong tse nang le metsi a pele, e beha phatlalalo ea metsi a lokelang ho arabela ho fihla ha 32% libong tse nyenyefatseng.

Mothoato: Ho Bala Tšebetso ea Kutlisiso ea Metsi ka Tlhokomeliso ea Tlhahlo

Efficiency ea tlhahiso ea metsi e baleha e le karolelano pakeng tsa metsi a fanoang matjhabeng le metsi a qetellong ea metsi a tsoang kotsing. Melao eohle e sa lekanyetsoe joalo ka litlatsetso tsa ponding le likaraboana tsa inflow-outflow li bontsha efficiency e mengata ea 55–65% melaoong e sa lekanyetsoe. Litekano tsa hydraulic conductivity tse phahameng ho fihla ha 2.4 m/day li bontsha hloko e holimo ea ho sebetsa ka liling.

Tlhahlobo ea Tšebetso: Liphelo tsa Metsi Litšebetsong tsa Majoe a sa Lekanyetsoe a Indus Basin

Indus Basin ea Pakistan, majoe a sa lekanyetsoe a thibela liteko tsa 3.2 per second per kilometer—tšoana le 2,764 m³ a fetotsoe matsong a mangata pakeng tsa sethala sa 100 km. Phatlalalo ea sechaba sa dikotara tse 12 e fumana hore phelo ea metsi e fokotsehile ho fihla ha 18% matjhabeng a qetellong ka lebaka la ho sa fanoa ha metsi ka botle.

Tlatsetso: Tlatsetso ea Leholimo ea ho Fihlella Efficiency e Ntle ea Tlhahiso ea Metsi

Lesome lesete la litekano tse ncha tsa tlhahlobo ke tla hloka metsi ea phahamisano, e entsoang libakeng tsa boikemelo ba holimo ha tumello ea NTS eo e leng Convention on Water. Lithekiso tsa tlhahlobo liapola hape likarolo tsa boemo bakeng sa ho fihlella mefuta ea matla le bona, ka thuso ea mephephe e felletseng ea ho rata metšoao ea ho nyakala ha metsi.

Tlhaloso: Ho Bala Ho Nyakala Ha Metsi ho Hlonga Lits'ebetso tsa Phahamisa Mokhatlong

Lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ka mekhahlelo e sebelisang li-flowmeters tsa ultrasonic le li-probes tsa mongobo oa mobu li lumella baenjiniere ho tseba libaka tse nang le metsi a chesang ka 92% ka ho nepahala ha sebaka. Asia Bohareng, merero e sebelisang mokhoa ona e fihletse katleho ea 65% ka mor'a ho etsa marang-rang. Li-matrics tsa ho etelletsa pele tse lekanyang ho teba ha tahlehelo, boleng ba lijalo, le litšenyehelo tsa tokiso li thusa ho ntlafatsa matsete a litšebeletso.

Molaothebo oa ho Phahamisa Mokhatlong o Enhances Tlhatlopele le Tlhokebo ea Metsi Mehleng ea Tlhahlobo

Molao: Molaothebo oa ho Phahamisa Mokhatlong o Reduces Seepage le Improves Efficiency

Ho bokella metsi e etsa karolo e sa feleng eo e hlophisang thata ea ho fokotsa ho nyakala ha metsi ka bokhutlo ka chelete e kholo ea 85% ha ho bapisoa le mefuta ea khale ea mefuta e ikhethileng, ho latela thuto ea Kraatz ho 2023. Tlhahiso ea metsi e fetoha e nepahetseng hape. Mefuta ea khale e sireletsa e lekanya 60% feela, ha ho le batli mefuta e ncha ea bokella e fihla holim'a 90%. Ha moruo o se na tsela ya ho kotlisa metsi joalo ka ha bokella bo etsa, metsi e tsamaea ka tsela e tiileng sisteme eohle. Boiphihlelo bona bo bolela hore ho na le bothata bo sa feleng ba lipompo tlasa tlhatlo, le chelete e sa feleng e entseng ho korantsoa libotlolo le bothata ba mang ba matšoenyeho. Matsatsi a mangata a irigation a hlalositse chelete e sa feleng kamora ho fetoha ho metsi a bokellang.

Tsamaiso ea buka: Bokella ba konkrete motheong oa Imperial Valley

Kolonele e kholo ea metlha e phahameng ka bopheloa ba lefatshe lena le fokotsehileng lipalo tsa metsi ka makhetla a 62% kamora ho qetella likilomithara tse 143 tsa litšoantšo ka konkhrete e hokahanngoeng. Maemo a nka ho boloka li-acre tse 278,000 ka selemo—tse kang hore a bona le li-acre tse 89,000 tse ling—and a hlakola litekano tsa ntši tsa metsi tse entseng litekano tse limilione tse 2.1 ka selemo.

Tlatsetso: Tumello ea Lihlahisoa tsa Ho Qetella tsa Khotsofetseng ho Mekhoa e Mengata ea Ho Phala

Lihlahisoa tsa khase ea geosynthetic le konkhrete e fetoloang ke polymer e senolang 74% ea maemo a tsena lefatšeng (Water Resources Journal 2023). Lihlahisoa tsena li fana ka boiphihlelo ba 40% boholo ho pota-pota ho feta konkhrete e ikemetseng 'me li boloke ho fihlella ha hangata ha 1–10⁻¹¹ m/s, ho etsa hore li be le monyetla bakeng sa libaka tse nang le tshenole le tse nang le metheo ea litholojo.

Tsamaiso: Khetho ea Tekniki ea Ho Qetella e Nepahetseng Ho Basesa Pele le Boemo ba Letsatsi

Batho ba engineering hape a bona PVC liners haeba re na le bohareng ba clay, hobane li fokotsa ho seepage ka mantlha ya 92%. Bakeng sa libaka tse holim'a khakhele, mohlala oa asphalt o spray-applied o sebetsa hantle hobane o tiile ebelana le likhakolo tsa boimu. Ha re sheba libaka tse ikemetseng ho ho phalla, batho ba hlalosang ba rekomenda hore re sebense litekanyetso tsa concrete tse hokahaneng. Tse joalo li tiile ebelana le ho qetoha ha bohare, le ho lumella hore bohare be lulwe ka maemo a 0.3 ho isa 0.7 milimeter ka ngwaga. Sena se molemo haholo bakeng sa ho boloka litširo tsa bohare ntle le ho qoba ts'ebetso ea groundwater ka botlalo. Ho fumana ngqele e nepahetseng bakeng sa boikarabello boo re bileng le bona e entsa phapang e kholo. Litlhahlobo li bontsha hore ho sebelisoa ha metsi e fetoha 19 ho isa 34 lekholimo efeletseng, seo re bitsang re fumana letho le ngotsoeng ka chelete eo re e leng leona ha re sa leka ho boloka lintlha tseo re li hlahellang.

Boiphihlelo ba Nkuliso le Theko e Tletsego ea Lined Canals Metsing

Ngongorekiso: Thuto ea Litlhoko Tsa Boholo Ka Kakaretso ea Litsela tse nang le boleng le sa nang boleng

Haholo-holo li-alley tse sa nang boleng li baka chelete e nyane ka 40–60% ho tloha pele, empa li entse litaba tse ngata ka 65% ho feta molaong o 15 haeba li hlakile le ho tlosa litemana. Litsela tse nang le concrete li lumella makhasi a 30 le ho laesa hantle, li fana ka boiphihlelo-boikarabello ba 9:1 liboping tse phahameng, joalo ka ha ho buisitsoe thutong ea Water Policy Institute ea 2024.

Thuto ea Morero: Dikelelo tsa Pitsa ho Lits'oele tse Nang le Boleng Khotsofetsaneng ea Arizona

Moprojekete oa ho boloka litsela ka boleng (lining) oa km 240 khotsofetse chelete ea metsi e iphohlang teng ka 38% le litšebetso tsa matla ka $2.1 million within three years. Ba-irrigation bakeng ba tlala ba amohela chelete e fetang 22%, 'me ts'ebetso ea $18.2 million e nepahetsoe ke lintlha tse holim'a tsa ho tiisa khase ea matsi tse dokumentileng thutong ea Water Resource Economics ea 2023.

Tlatsetso: Ho ntse ho eketsahala ts'ebetso ea ho boloka litšoele bakeng sa ROI e phethahetseng

Litsamaisi tse nyane le tse kholo eaka hajoale matšekeleng a khomphutha ka mokhoa o amanang le setšoantšo sa UN SDG 6 bakeng sa ho fetolela ts'ebetso ea metšo. Litlaleho tse kang geomembranes le mekhahlelo ea konkreiti e halotsoeng e fokotsehile litšenyehelo tsa ho beha ka 34% kamora 2005.

Tšebetso: Ho lahlela litšenyehelo tsa pele ka lihlahiso tse telele bakeng sa metšo le matla

Mekhoa e mengata—eba feela mekhorong e mengata ea ho phalla haufi le ho boloka mekhorong e sa hlakolohang libungonong tse amanang—eba litšenyehelo tsa pele ka 28% empa e boloka lihlahiso tsa metšo ka 80%. Ha e kopanngoe le tlholo boiphihlelo, nako ea tsamaiso ea linere e fetoha ho fihla haufi le likilomithara tse 35, e fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tsela ka $740,000 per kilometer (Ponemon 2023).

Bohloeki ba metsi le litlhahiso tsa matšekeleng a khomphutha ho управление метшо

Mothoato: Kamoo matšekeleng a khomphutha a thusang tsamaisong e amanang le bohloeki ba metšo

Ho qetella lefelo ho boloka metsi a holimo ka ho fokotsa chelete ea metsi e fetang 75% (Meijer et al., 2006), ho thusa tšebetso e phethahetseng ea tlhahlobo le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea metso e hlotsehileng ea metsi a bolumeli. Dihlogo tse ntle tse kang dihlogo tsa geosynthetic clay linings li fokotsa letho le lokileng ha di ntšofatsoa, li dumellang ho kopanya tse ling tse amanang le mekhoa ea hydrological.

Tlhophiso ea boemo: Ho fokotseha kaha ho kopoha metsi a bolumeli vs. Ho boloka metsi a holimo

Ha ho le thusi kapele ho boloka metsi, ho qetella lefelo ho fokotsa kopoho ea metsi a bolumeli ka 40–60% litlhaping tse motle (Yao et al., 2012), ho lumella mefuta ea botho e ikemetsetswana le ho fuoa metsi a aquifer. Lefatšeng la Indus, tšebetso e betere ea tlhahlobo e hlile e senya ditlhaba tsa floodplain tse ikemetseng le tlhahlobo e itseng, e bontšang hore ho hlokofala ho sebetsana le ho entsoa ka nepo.

Mohlala oa buka: Tlhahlobo ea botho le ekonomi Murray-Darling Basin

Basin ea Australia ea Murray-Darling o fokotsehileng chelete ea metsi a holim'a lefifi ka 30% kamora ho bokella litsela tse 1,200 km ka konk’rete. Leha ho le joalo, phetoho ea metsi a tlase ha e fokotseile ka 25%, e amanang le metsi a holim'a lefifi ao di hlokang lethathamo la ngong. Ho thusa taba ena, bafumani ba boloka mefuta e itseng ea litsela tse sa bokelleng ho boloka tshepe ea sechaba, ba tiilisang bohloko ba tlaleho ea sechaba bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea sechaba.

Tšebeliso: Ho kenya Litsela tse Bokellitsoeng Molong oa Melao ea Tlhokomelo ea Metsi

Mesebetsi e tiilisitsoeng e hloka ho kopanya litsela tse bokellitsoeng le litšebeliso tsa ho boloka metsi a tlase (MAR) le melao e a lokiselang metsi a bolokiloeng bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea metsi. Mohlala, ho kopanya konkreting le metso ea ntlha ea ho boloka metsi a tlase e ka hlaphisa phetoho ea metsi a tlase ha ho ntse ho boloka ts'ebetso ea ho fuoa metsi—tšebeliso eno e eketsahalang ho ikopela liboping tse nyenyane tse nang le bothata ba metsi joalo ka Khehloea ea Asia.

Ho Ntlafatsa Boholo ba Metsi le Tšebeletso ea Tsela ka ho Bokella Litsela

Ntho e Ithutang: Ho Qala ha Matiti le Mehlolo ea Mpholetso ho Litsela tsa Lefifi

Metsi ea litsama a amanang le ho koma ha litlhoko le ho kena ha lipeisente, e fokotsehang 8–15% ea bongata ba metsi ka selemo ka ho susumetsa eo e behelang litaba tse kopileng, lipeisente, le metso ea bohlokoa metsing a emetsang. Boiphihlelo bona bo boloka ho hlahisa li-algae le bo iphihlela bothata ba metsi le boemo ba ho tsamaisa metsi.

Tlatsetso: Keketseho E Kopanang Lekhokong la Metsi le Boholo ba Boholo ba Metsi Moleng o Tšepahalang

Likhapi tse sa lemellang ho lekana ke 60–75%, ho latela thuto ea ngqele ea 2023. Likhapi tsa konkreite le tse sebetsang seromo li fihlanya litšebetso tsa kemikale pakeng tsa metsi le leruo, li boloka boemo ba pH le ho fokotsa ho susumetsa ha nitrogen—bohlokoa bakeng sa tlala e hlakileng le boemo bo tiileng ba tlala.

Thuto ea Morero: Tlaseletso ea Boholo ba Metsi Moleng o Tšepahalang wa Punjab, India

Tšebetso ea Punjab ea litšoantšo tse amanang le litsela tse nang le boloko e ne e sa fokotsa mahlolo a pesticide ho liqala tsa tlhahlobo ka 90% ka linako tse hlano. Bohalele bo ne bo thusitse bafarmere ho khaola litekano tsa EU bakeng sa arati ea basmati, bo bontšang hore joang phomolo ea sebaka se betere e nka lefapha la thepa ha e sa amoheloa ha e sa lekanya hore e tiile metšo e mengata.

Lipotso Tse Phatlalatswang

Bohlele ba ho tsamaisa metšo ke eng?

Bohlele ba ho tsamaisa metšo ke karolelano ea metšo e entseng ho fihlela metsing e lekanyetso e entseng ho tlohela metsi, e bontšang hore metšo e tsamaella joang ka nepo sistimeng sa tlhahlobo.

Ke hoban'ngoe tšebetso ea boloko ho litsela ke e monate?

Tšebetso ea boloko ho litsela ke e monate hobane e fokotsa ho nyakisa metšo ka ho susumetsa, e nyoloha bohlele ba ho fana metšo, e fokotsa litaelo tsa phomolo, le e nyoloha bohlele ba metšo, le ho qetela e boloka metsi.

Materiale afe a sebelisetsoang bakeng sa tšebetso ea boloko ho litsela?

Litemela tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhahiso ea metsi ke konk'rete, mahlale a khemik'hale a polomere (GCLs), konk'rete e fetotsoeng ka polomere, mahlale a PVC, le mabokose a konk'rete a hokahanngoeng, ao a khethwang ho latela boemo ba ts'ebetso.

Mekhoa e mengata ea tlhahiso ea metsi e na le phahamisa ea molumo?

Ha ho le joalo hlaha ea tlhahiso ea metsi e fokotsa ho kena ha metsi le e boloka metsi, e ka nthusa ho phomola ho fuoa ha metsi a semolao le ho etsetsa mefuta ea bobele e ikhethang. Ho hlokahala mekhoa e lebelloang ho fokotsa litlhoko tse sa lebelloang.

Lahlalo tse hlahiloeng li etsa joang hore li phethahatse boemo ba bohloko ba metsi?

Lahlalo tse hlahiloeng li lokisa ho nkoa ha lefifi le litholoana, li fokotsa litšebelisano tsa khemik'hale pakeng tsa metsi le tšimo, ho fihlela boemo bo betere ba metsi bo hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhaho e phethahetseng.