Imiqhakaza E6 Esaqendwa YoKusebenzisa Imisikawa YokuDlala Imigodi Ngokusebenzisa Amadoti Nezindlela Zokuxula

Umsebenzi wokubhala kwezikhali zomfula s Vikeleke kwezindiza zemvula

Ukudweba kamanje kanciphisa ukusebenzisa amashini okulayela amathela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziphambene nokuphathwa kwezindiza. Le mishini efanayo isebenzisa amalayela edolile kubalekwa bokulandela, kwenza amadiba angavimbeli ukuthwasa kwezindiza. Ngokuthwasa kanye nokwehluka kwemvula kwezindiza ezilaywe kuvinza ukweqile kwezindiza zemvula emhlabeni wokudweba.

Ukucaciswa okulinganayo: Amathela we irrigation edolile kanye nezingekelwa

Ngemva kwemibuzo ye-2023 yokusebenzisa umoya ngokwehlanzeka, izindusi ezingenakho zokulaywa zisebenta kude kuye ku-30-50% wamanzi aphoqedwa ngokwendawo (sub-surface seepage) futhu kwehlukaniswa xa aya kuleli ndawo. Izisiteme ezilayiwako ngememebhane noma njengoqokwe kungenzeka ukuthi kube lula leli kude kungenye ya-5%, ukunikeza kakhulu ama-95% wamanzi edlayo kumalini. Kizindaweni eziphezulu namanzi aphansi, kukhona incazelo ethile kule nkanyiso yokwehlanzeka ngoba ukutholakala kamanzi kubona ngqo ukuthuthwa kweekati.

Ukuphephile kwezindawo ezilayiwako kuzindlela zokulaywa okungaphansi kwezindawo ezingenayo. Ngokuvumelana nokuhlola ukuguqula kwezilayo, izindlela ezilayiwako zilula ukuphazanyiswa noma ukulinda kamanzi phambili - okuyindlela ebalulekile kwezimali ezifakiwe ngemithwisto yemhlabo.

Imikhanismu yokwehlisa ukusebenta kumanzi kwezisiteme zokudla

Iziliningi zokugcina amanzi zisebenzisa izindlela ezingu-15-20% ukuba kakhulu ngokuxhasa amanzi. Izindlela zokwenza ngokwezimali ezijwayelekileyo jikele zokugcina amanzi kanye nokungena kwezintloko. Ngokwesibili, izinhlangothi ezijulile kwezinye izindlela zokuxhasa ukunciphisa ukungcola, ukunika amathuba okuba kakhulu ngokuxhasa amanzi kunezindlela eziphakeme ngokwezokwelapha.

Izindlela zokufaka iziliningi zokugcina amanzi zisebenzisa izindlela zokugcina amanzi kanye nokuvikela ukungena kwezintloko. Iziliningi zokugcina amanzi zase ngemuva zokuthiwa amathuba okuthiwa kwamagqabi, ukuthiwa amathuba okuthiwa kwamagqabi okuthiwa amanzi kanye nokuthiwa kwamagqabi okuthiwa amanzi.

Iziliningi Zokugcina Amandla Okugcina Ukucitha Kwamanzi

Ukuvikela Isithuthi Ngokusebenzisa Iziliningi Ezijwayelekileyo

Amadivayisi ekuhlolweni kwezibhokwe ezingenjani izinto ezihlanganisiwe, ngokufakwe kwezindawo eziyagunyaziswa ngemvilophu, ukwenza izindawo ezingayisodwa. Lezi zinhlobo zokulinganisa zakhula izinto zomhlaba esibhokweni esilula futhi zifinyelela ukunyuswa ngokulawulwa kwezimali, futhi ukukhula kwezimali eziphakathi kungakhula ngama-40—70% kuzindawo zokulinga kwangoku. Izindawo eziphezulu zokulinga kwezimali zikhombisa ukuba kuyaphela izindawo zomhlaba eziphansi ngokuthi kungcono kakhulu kuzindawo zomhlaba wesandu noma wezithuthi ezitholakala ngokungcono. Ngokusebenzisa ukuthula nangokusebenza kwezimali ezingenjani lezi zinhlobo zokulinganisa kungabonwa ukuba zilinda izigaba zezibhokwe xa kungcono ukukhula kwezimali ukwenzeka, ukwenza ukuthula kwezimali kungakhula ngama-85% kuzindawo zomhlaba okunguclay (Agricultural Water Management, 2023).

Isicatshulwa: Ukunqamula kwekwehla kuzindlu zokulima ezinemali

Ukunciphisa umnyama wezulu ngama-90% kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa amagqabi akhokweyo, anqamulelwe ngomshini wokulayisha amaditchi, kumfutho wezulu we-Midwest omancane we-12-ac wezindlela ezinemaphoyinti amaningi kakhulu. Umshini uyisisekelo esebenzisa igridi yesandla le-1,200 okuphelile kwindawo yokulungisa amaditchi, uyisebenzisa amaqhinga amadlala ukunciphisa ukulula kwezulu ukusuka kwi-3.2 cfs ukuya kwi-0.8 cfs xa kuzo maxayo. Le ndawo ayiphumelelangeni kuzo zombili izigaba zokulula nezindleko zokulungiswa ezincane ngama-65% ngaphandle kwezindleko zokulungiswa kwamaditchi angakhokwanga ngama-3.

Amashini Okulayisha Amaditchi Ukwanda Iindleko Zokulungiswa Ngokude

ukulingana Kweminyaka Engu-10: Iindleko Eziphambili Ngokudibanisa Nezikhokwa

Iindlela zokuxazulula ukuthi izindleko zokuhlinzwa kwezindlela zemfekiso ngemvula zingaphansi ngama-40-60% ngokwesikhathi esikhulu kunezindlela ezingenakho. Izindlela eziyinhlanganisela izindleko zokuhlinzwa ngokwesikhathi kwa $15-$25 ngasikhathi esifanayo, kodwa izindlela ezinamandla afanelela izindleko kwa $5-$8 ngokuhlinzwa kwekati, ngokuhlinzwa kwezilicu. Izindleko zokuqala zokubhala izinto kuzokuhlola ngokuphezulu kwezinye izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthola amakheli ngokuphezulu kwezinye izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthola amakheli ngokungena kwezindleko zokuphatha amagugu nezindleko zokusebenza kwezinkhukhwanyana ezizimeleyo.

Izindleko eziphathelene ngokwesikhathi esikhulu kuzokuhlala:

• Ukucindezela ukulungisa : Izindlela ezingenazo zilahlela ama-25—30% wemali, kudinga ama-$1,200—$1,800 ngasinekwe ngokwesikhathi (izicelo zemali zemfekiso zemihlaba)
• Ukususa amagugu : Izindlela eziyinhlanganisela ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa izindlela zokucitha ngama-70%, ukuthola ama-$450—$600 ngasinekwe ngokwesikhathi
• Ukukhanyisa ukulungekile : Izindlela zemfekiso zilungisa ama-$18—$22 ngasikhathi esifanayo kwezindleko zokulahleka ngokwezilicu

Amaphrojekthi esebenzisa izindlela zemfekiso ukuphumelela kwemisebe kakhulu emuva kweminyaka engu-10, ngokulingana ne-45—55% yabo abangakhona kakhulu. Lezi zindlela zikwamisa izokudla nezindunankulu ukuthi zilayishe amadoda kuzindlela zokunyakela noma kuzindlela zokunyakela ngokucacile.

Izinhlocho Zokulayisha I-Ditch Zenhance I-Flood Control Capabilities

I-Hydraulic Performance Ngenkathi Kunesigqibo Esikhulu

Izinhlocho zokulayisha i-ditch zifaka uhlobo olungakinani lwezinye izinto ukuthi zilondoloze ukushisa kwezinyukelo ngemva kwezinyukelo eziphezulu ukuze ukohlakanyelwa kwegqabiwa kuhlukaniswa ngama-35-52% ngaphezulu kwemigqa engakhona (2022 Flood Management Study). I-Concrete liners yezinhlobo zase-HDPE noma yekonkrete ingasebenzi ngemiphumela ye-hydraulic ye-8.5 psi, bese iyisisekelo semakoti lapho kunesibovu esikhulu ngaphandle kwezinyukelo ezingcono. Lokhu kuthula ukushisa okuthola ukuthi kuhlupheka njengoba isigqibo sikhululwa kuditya elibhenge ukudla okubizwa ngokuthi i-1 metere, okuthinta ngama-20-40% ngalinyaka.

Kuzinhlukanenwe ezintsha yamandla, izinhlango ziyancane kangaka ukuvikela ukungcono okwenza isilinganiso sokwehla kwe-40-60% ngemva kokuphela kwezulu. Lokhu kungenzeka kubaluleke ukulungiselela ukupheleka kwemigwaqo emuva kwendawo - izisitim kwezinhlanganisela zikwehla ukwehluka kwezindawo zokuhamba ngemoto nge-78% futhi kwezindleke zokudla nge-63% ngemva kokuzulu. Ngenkathi izindleke zasekhaya zilahla ama-15 kuya ama-30% wokutholakala phakathi kwezinyaka ezintathu, izindleke ezilandelwa ngemisebenzi yamandla zilahla ama-95% wokubukisa kwazo ngaphezulu kwengive ya dekada.

Izimakhi zokulayisha izindleke zenkisa ukuphatha amanzi ngendlela ethembekileyo

Imimandla yokulayisha izindlela (DLM) inikeza ukusebenza okuphephile kwezindlela ezingenakukhona ukulaywa kahle kwezokusebenza kwezokudla. Lezi zindlela zenikeza ukulaywa kwezokudla okungenani noma kungaphandle kwe-40—60% kahle kunezindlela ezingalaywanga futhi zenza amandla okulaywa okulandelwa ngokuxhuma nezinhlobo zokuphepha ngokwamanje. Le teknoloji iyamukela ukunakwa kwekugcina ukulaywa kwezinhlobo ngokulayisa izindawo zokuxhuma nezokudla futhi uyiqinisekise ukuthi kuhlanganwe nezinhlobo zokuphepha zokudla.

Ukuvikela ukulaywa kwezinhlobo ezikhethekileyo kuzindlela zokudla

Kwemibuzo ya-2023, izindlela ezitholakaleyo kahle ziyavikela ukulaywa kwezinhlobo ezingu-98% kwezokudla futhi le ndlela iyakho kumele kakhulu kuzindaweni ezikhiqizwa kakhulu izinhlobo zokunitra ezingu-10 mg NO 3 -N /L. Abathengi bezindlela ezilaywanga bakhumbula ukuthi kungaphansi kwe-72% ukulaywa kwezinhlobo ezikhethekileyo kahle noma kungaphandle kwezokudla futhi baphumelele kahle ngokwesicelo sokudla ngokwesicelo sokudla ngokuphephile.

Ukuxhumana ne-EPA Ngokulandelana Nokulula Kwamathankatha

Imicabhamaki yamanzi edlule kanye nezinhlelo zokulandela ukukhula kwezimali ezingena kumathakatha wasegceke (ELGs) wezokulula kwegceke. Izindlela zokulula futhi izindawo zokulula ephathwayo zinikeza abasebenzisa ukukwenza:

• Beka kudlule ukulula kwegceke ngemva kwezinkathi zomkhuhlane
• Vula amathankatha athile kumaqondo wasegceke akhuthazwa yi-EPA
• Thumela amathankatha kumathakatha we-NPDES
  Isithithi esikhulu sase Iowa State University esikhulile ngo-2022 sibonise ukuthi izindlela ezilandelwa siphumelela izinkinga zokuxhumana ne-Clean Water Act nge-89% kulinganisa ne-34% yezindlela eziqina eziyisigaba.

Izimakhina Zokulandela Iindlela Zinikeza Amathuba Okuqondileyo

Izinhloso zokugcina izindlela zokulayisha zasebenzisa izinhloso zokulayisha izindlela zokulayisha ezinhlelwe kakhulu ngoku zinikeza izisombululo eziqinileyo kwezimali nezokuphila kwempi, le machini ingasetshelwa kwezinye izimo zokhula nezimo zokuphila. Lezi zinhloso ziyinhloso zokulandela izindawo eziphezulu kakhulu zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokulandela izindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindlela zokuphila kwempi kwezindle......

Izimo Ezifisweyo Kwimitha Yezintathu Ezahlukene

Izindlu ezingaphansi kwezicuku, izindlu ezingaphansi kwezimalo, nezindlu ezingaphansi kwezimalo ezinobunzima kudinga izindlela zokulayisha okuthile ukulungiselela ukulwa kanye nokuhluka kwezindlu. I-PVC ephindwe-iphindwe ingasebenze kahle kusukelwe kwezindlela ezingenziwa ngokushintsha emasimweni aphelile, futhi i-LLDPE ephindwe iphepha kakhulu emasimweni amabuye nezindlela ezinezilwane. Izita le-pH nezita zokugcinwa kwezindlu kungenzeka ukutholakala kakhulu kusukela kubasebenzisa nezimbili zokwenza izimpilo.

Izinhlelo Zokudityanisa Zokuhlinzwa kanye nezindawo ezingcono

Nemathiseli aphakathi esebenzisa amaphaneli amanqaku athathwe ngokushesha kuzindlela zokugcina amadoda kuzindawo zokuhlinzwa kanye nezimali ezingcono ezisebenzisa iziliningi ezihambisana nezindlela zokulayisha amadoda kudinga kakhulu kune 1,000 ft. Ukwenza okukodwa/izihlandlo zokuxhuma zinikeza abasebenzisi ukulandelana nezindlela kanye nezibopho, ukuba kube 35% okuncane kwezindleko zokwenza okukodwa ngokulingana nezinhlobo ezisemqoka (Irrigation Association 2023). Kuzindlela zokuhlola eziphakeme, izicathami ezidityanisiwe ngokudityanisa zisetyenziswa ngokuvavanyo kanye nezicathami zokulungisa ukwehla ukuze zinikeze ukuphephelwa okuphezulu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Izimakhine zokulayisha izindlela yintoni?

Izimakhine zokulayisha izindlela ngamathandabuzo alandelayo esebenziswa kuzokudityanisa ukulayisha iziliningi eziphumelelayo kuzindlela zokulayisha amadoda, ukwenza amagqabi apho akwazi ukulayisha amadoda kwaye ukulinda ukwehla kwaye ukulinda ukungena kwezinto.

Izindlela ezilayishiwe ngokulingana nezindlela ezingazange zilayishwe ngokulingana nokusebenza kwezinto?

Imigqabi emijwayelekile iyokweza ukungcola kwezibuko ukuya kuncinci kunemigqabi engajwayelekanga, okungu-30-50%, okungaba ngobuninzi bazo-95% bezibuko ezingcono zokufika ezipeleni, ngakumbi kizindawo ezibhaxekileyo.

Yiyiphi into eyisetshenziswa kumagqabi?

Izinto eziphumelelayo kuzo ngumemebhane wokwenyani (HDPE) wezibuko, amafabhrigqwe wokwenyani, nezinye izinsimbi ezithuthwe ngembiti, okuqinisa ukuthuthwa kwezibuko kanye nokuphepha ukungcola.

Yimaliphi amathela wezimala kudala ezinikezwa yimigqabi emijwayelekile?

Izindleko zokuphila kude kuzo-40-60% encane ngemva kwezingu-10 komnyaka. Ngokuthatha ukungcola, ukususa ikhabhodi, nokulungisa izimbopho, izindleko zokujwayelela kuzokhuphela ngemva kwezingu-6-8 komnyaka.

Yini imigqabi emijwayelekile iyokwenza ngokuphathwa kwamagqabi?

Iyakhiwa ukuthuthwa kwezibuko okungakwazi ukuthuthwa ngazo kuzonke izindleko zokuxa kakhulu, ukuthatha ukungcola kwezibuko ngemva kwe-35-52% ngaphandle kwezinye, ngakumbi ukuphepha izinsimbi eziphakathi kwezibuko.