Imithambo Yokuvinjisa Kukwakha Kwemifula Yezilwane Ezingaphezulu

Ukuhlanganisa Ukuplaninga Ukuze Ubuyisele Ukusebenza Kwezinkulungwane Zokufaka Izindiza Ezinga Elikhulu Yokufakwa Kwamafutha

Ukubala Kwemithambo Yemafutha Nobukhombisa Bokulingana Kwemithambo Yezindawo Zokugcina

Ukubhalwa kwe-hydraulic kusiza ekusimuleni ukuthi amanzi zihamba kanjani futhi izindawo ziphi ezingakwazi ukuzithembisa, kubonisa izindawo ezingaphansi kwezinkinga njengezindawo zokuphambuka kakhulu noma izindawo ezenza amatsatsi ase- expansive clay soils okufanele abe nenkemphe yezinkemphe zokuthembisa. Ngokugcina lokhu, ukubheka izinkinga zezinhlobo zezinsizakaliso zikuthi kubheka izinto njengekhanda kokuhamba kwamandla emanzini ezinye izinsizakaliso, izinguquko zemiphumela yamanzi ngeminyaka yonke, futhi ukuthi kunezinkinga zokuphazimula okungahleli kuzoba nokuthi kubhekwe kwezindawo zokuthembisa. Izinombolo zisibona into ethembekile: ngokwesikhathi sase- Water Resources Research esedlule, isishiywa samanzi ngokwesibhakabhaka kuyisithupha kuya kusithupha esine, ngakho-ke umsindo wokukhupha kuyisibhakabhaka esine kuya kusibhakabhaka esihlanu lomphumela wokungathembeki kwezindawo zokuthembisa zemanzini. Uma sibhala lezi zinkinga phambi kokubegwa kwemisebenzi, kususa imali ngoba abenginikeli abangabheki konke konke ngokungafani. Kodwa bafokusela kwenye into okufanele kubhekwe ngokwesimo sokudlala kanye nokunqoba konke kungafani.

Ukuvumela Ukulungiswa Kwe-Alignment Ukuze Kuphulwe Ukukhula Kwesithunzi Sasezindaweni Nezinkinga Zokuvumela

Ukuvumela okuhle kwe-canals kusetyenzisa isibonelo sezindawo ukuze kuphulwe ukukhula kwesithunzi, kuphulwe umkhondo wokuvula, nokuphulwa kwezinkinga zokuvumela ngokodwa emva kwezikhathi. Ukuchaza kwezindawo nge-GIS kusiza abadala ukwenza izinto ezilandelayo:

• Kuphulwa kwezidingo zomgama wocanal ngamashumi ayi-12–18%, okubhekisana ngqo kuzidingo zemithombo nezindlela zokufaka amasiko nezinkokhelo;
• Kuvikelwa izindawo zokuphakamisa (landslide-prone slopes), izindawo zokuvula kwezintabakazi zokuvula (fractured rock outcrops), nezindawo ezingenabizo zezinkinga zezindawo (geohazard zones);
• Kugcinwa ukuguquka kwezindawo ngokucacile (gentle longitudinal gradients) (≤0.5%) ukuze kuvikelwe ukukhula kweziflow nezinkinga zokuvula kwezindawo.

Izindlela eziphakade zikuphula ukukhula kweziflow ngamashumi ayi-40%, okuphulisa ngokuphelele ukukhula kweziflow kwezinkokhelo nezindawo zokuvumela. Le ndlela yokuqondisa iphulula izinkinga zokuvumela ngamashumi ayi-35% kulokho okwenziwa ngokwesikhundla (conventional layouts) ( Irrigation Science , 2023), ngakho-ke ikhulisa ukusebenza kweziflow nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezindawo ngokodwa emva kwezikhathi.

Ukwenza kwezindlela zokusebenza ngamaphasi nezindlela zokuvumela ngokujwayelekile kwezincamango zokusebenza kwezincamango zokusebenza kwezincamango zokusebenza

Ukukhishwa Kwemithambo Ngokulandela Nokunakha Kwemithambo Kwenqolobane Nokusebenza Kwesikrithi Sokushisa

Lapho ukumba kwenziwa ngezigaba ezingamamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu ngesikhathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo kufakwe izipikili zomhlabathi ngokushesha futhi kufakwe ukhonkolo, kwakha isimiso esiqinile sokuzinza esivela phezulu siye phansi esisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokuba basike, abasebenzi baqala bafake lezozipikili zomhlabathi emhlabathini ongathintwanga, okusiza ukuba konke kubambelele endaweni yako. Ngemva kwalokho bafaka i-shotcrete ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Okwenza le ndlela ikhetheke ukuthi inezinjongo ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: ukuhlinzeka ukusekelwa okwesikhashana ngesikhathi sokwakha kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokuqina kwesakhiwo isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukuthi asikho isidingo salezo zisekelo ezinkulu zesikhashana noma izindawo zokuphepha ezibanzi kakhulu ezizungeze indawo. Ngokuvamile, abakhiqizi babona kudingeka umsebenzi omncane wokuthutha umhlaba ongamaphesenti angu-25 kuya kwangu-35, futhi cishe akukho ukucwila komhlaba. Lokho kubaluleke kakhulu lapho usebenza eduze kwemisele ekhona noma ezinye izinto ezibucayi zendawo. Empeleni, i-shotcrete iqukethe izinzwa ezincane ze-fiber optic eziqapha ukuthi ingakanani ingcindezi eyakhayo lapho kugcwaliswa kabusha izinto. Ngokusekelwe kulokho lezi zinzwa ezikubona ngaphansi komhlaba, onjiniyela bangashintsha izinto ezinjengokuthi izipikili kufanele zihlale zikude kangakanani noma zidinga ukujula okungakanani. Ngenxa yokuthi kunokuzamazama okuncane futhi imijikelezo yenzeka ngokushesha, amaphrojekthi aqedwa ngokushesha ngamaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-40 uma eqhathaniswa nezindlela ezindala, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuguguleka kuyinkinga noma isikhala sincane.

Izinkulungwane Zokuthuthukisa Ezide, Neziphakamiso Ezinkulu Zokuhlanza Amasiko

Amaphetha Asetshenziswa Kwe-Geosynthetic: Ukusebenza Kwabo, Ukuphatha Kwabo, Nokufaneleka Kwabo Ngokwezimali

Kodwa kufundwa kwezilayiningi zeziklasi, ukudibanisa lezi zikhala zepolimha ngaphakathi kuzo kwenza umphumela omuhle ekukhokhelweni kwezikhala nokuphambuka kwazo. Izifundo ezisenzwe kubomvu nekuleli kwezinkumbulo zibonisa ukuthi lezi zikhala eziphinde zizwe zihlala kunciphisa ubude bezikhala nezinhlobo zazo ngeminyaka engu-35 ku-60 % kulokho okwenzekayo ngeziklasi zeziklasi zokuzila. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ilayiningi iyadlala iminyaka eminin’i kune-25 nakuba yisenzeka ngokuphathelene nezinkambo zokuchitha nokuvula futhi nokuguqula kwezintemperatura. Isifundo esishesha esasendaweni ka-2021 sakhokhela izindlela zokusebenza kwezinye izindawo futhi sibonisa ukuthi izindlela zokulungisa zihlala kunciphisa ngeminyaka engu-50 % ngeminyaka emibili ngokuphathelene nalesi zilayiningi ezihlukile nasezilayiningi zeziklasi zokuzila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zokujabula kwe-UV zibonisa ukuthi akukho phansi kakhulu emva kokubona kwezikhathi zoku-15 000 emzimba wokuphakama kwezinkumbulo. Okunempilo kuleli qembu kukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimali kusiza abahleli bokwakha ukwenza izikhala ezincinci ngeminyaka engu-30 % ngaphandle kokuthi kubuyeke kwezimali zokugcina nokuthuthukiswa kwezimali zokuzila. Lokhu kuyashiyela ukuthi kunciphise kwezimali zokusebenza kwezimali zokuzila, ukunciphisa kwezimali zokuzila kwezimali zokuzila, futhi ukunciphisa kwezimali zokuzila kwezimali zokuzila kwezindawo zokuzila.

Izindlela Eziningi Zokubuyisela Isibonelo Somphakathi Nezindlela Zokugcina Isibonelo Somphakathi Ngokwesibini

Izinhlangano zokugcina amasela (CCS) nokubona kwezinkumbi zokugcina izihlathi ziyabonisa izinkundla eziyisisekelo sezinhlangano zokugcina ezinamandla kunezinhlangano zokugcina ezizenzakalelayo. Yini okuyibonisa ngokuphelele? Ziyagcina i-sediment ngeminyaka engu-89, futhi ziyathengiswa ngeminyaka engu-40 kancane ukufaka, ngaphezu kwalokho zisiza ukuthuthukisa izihlathi ezilocali okuzoba kuyithuthukisa izihlathi ngokuphakeme kanye noma kanye. Uma kusetyenziswa izindlela eziningi njengezinhlangano zokugcina ezinamandla zokugcina ngokuhambisana nezinhlangano zokugcina zezinkumbi zokugcina ezinamandla, ukufaka kungaqhubeka ngeminyaka engu-22 kancane. Lezi zinhlangano zokugcina zokugcina ziyasebenza ngokuphelele kumaqhuba wezilwane ozikhipha ngeminyaka engu-4.5 ngosekondi ngaphandle kokuphakama. Kusasa, sizibona izindlela ezintsha njengezinhlangano zokugcina zezinkumbi zezilwane zokugcina ezinamandla zokugcina ngokuphrinta kwe-3D ezinamandla okugcina amasela, okuyiqiniso lezinhlangano zokugcina zezinkumbi zezilwane. Izifundo zokuphakama zokugcina kuleyo yileyo yoyika yelinye yileyo yasibonisa ukuthi lezi zinhlangano zokugcina ziyasebenza ngeminyaka engu-65 kancane kunezinhlangano zokugcina zezinkumbi zezilwane zokugcina. Ngokujulile, lokhu kuyibonisa isimo esiphakeme sokuthi izinhlangano zokugcina ziyasebenza ngokuphelele kumaqhuba wezilwane ozikhipha ngokuphakeme kanye noma kanye, futhi ziyabuyisa izinhlangano zokugcina zezinkumbi zezilwane zokugcina ngokuphakeme kanye noma kanye.

Ukukhokha Kwezinkundla Zokusebenza Nobuchwepheshe Bemiphumela Yezindaba Ngokusebenzisa Idatha Ukuthuthukisa Okuphambili Kwemikhala Yokuhlanza

Ukubhalwa Kwemithambo Yezikhathi Nokugxilwa Kwesifundo Sasekhaya Sokuthuthukisa Okuphambili

Izinzwa zokucindezelwa kwe-fiber optic ezibekwe ngesikhathi sokwakha ngaphakathi kwezingqimba, izembozo ze-shotcrete, nezendlalelo ze-geosynthetic zingakwazi ukubona ukusonteka okuncane ezingeni le-millimeter ngokuqhubekayo. Idatha eningiliziwe etholakala kulezi zinzwa isiza ekuboneni izimpawu zokuqala zokuqhekeka, ukuhlaleka okungafani noma izindawo lapho ukucindezeleka kwakheka khona ngaphambi kokuba noma yikuphi ukulimala kubonakale ngeso lenyama. Lapho ixhunywe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-digital twin - ngokuyisisekelo ikhophi ephilayo ebonakalayo yomsele elandela imithetho yangempela ye-physics - ulwazi lwenzwa ludluliselwa ezinhlelweni zokubikezela. Lezi zinhlelo bese zifanisa indlela izici ezihlukahlukene ezinjengokukhukhula, izinkathi zemvula noma ukuzamazama komhlaba okungase kuthinte ngayo isakhiwo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwenhlolo-vo eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Hydraulic Infrastructure Journal ngonyaka odlule, ama-algorithms okufunda ngomshini aqeqeshwe ngokusebenza kwangaphambilini ahlanganiswe nedatha yangempela angabikezela ngokunembile ukuthi ukuqiniswa kuyadingeka nini cishe ngo-89% wesikhathi. Manje opharetha bayayeka ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezinhlelweni zokugcinwa kwezinto futhi esikhundleni salokho bathathe izinqumo ezisekelwe ezimweni zangempela. Le ndlela inciphisa izinto zokuqinisa ezilahlekile cishe ngama-34%, kusindisa cishe amathani angama-22 ngekhilomitha ngalinye ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe yiPonemon Institute ngo-2023. Siphetha ngesimiso lapho ukukhetha kokuqinisa kuvela ekuqapheliseni kwangempela kunokuba nje ukuqagela ukuthi izakhiwo kufanele ziziphathe kanjani emcabangweni uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenza.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

U: Kungani ukumodela kwe-hydraulic kubalulekile emizini yokuqinisa amanzi?

I: Ukumodela kwe-hydraulic kubalulekile ngoba kusimulisa umsindo wamazi nokuthi kufunda izindawo zokuzimela, okuvumela ukuthi kwenziwe izindlela zokuzimela ngokuphakanyiswa kanye nokunciphisa ukuzimela okungafanele.

U: Iisensory ezihlukene nezilwane zokuhlanganisa zinconywa njani emkhakheni yokuzimela imizi?

I: Iisensory ezihlukene nezilwane zokuhlanganisa zifunda izigcwele zokuguqula kanye zikraza idatha ukuze zithathelwe izindlela zokuzimela, okuhlela ukuzimela futhi ukunciphisa ukugcina kwamaphakathi.

U: Yiziphi iz advantage zokusebenzisa izilingi zokuzimela ezenziwe ngokusebenzisa i-geosynthetic?

I: Lezi zilingi zixhomeka ukudala kwezicabha, zihlela isikhathi sokusebenza kude kunezinyangasibili nezintathu, zinciphisa izindlela zokuzimela ngeminyaka engaphezu kwezimbili nezintathu, futhi zinciphisa izindlela zokufaka.