Imisebenzi Yezinhlobo Zokulayisha I-Ditch eNkampani, eMakoti Nendawo Yokulayisha

Umsebenzi wokubhala kwezikhali zomfula eKugcineni Amadoda eNkampani

Ukukhawuleza Ukuphazamiseka Kwemibhontsha eNdaweni Yokulima

Izinhlobo zokulayisha izibhontsha zokulima zifaka amathewa wokulayisha kuzindawo ezilala kuzo amadoda ukukhawuleza ukuphazamiseka kwezibhontsha. Lezi zinhlobo zokulayisha zinezindlela zokukhawulela ukukhanya kwezibhontsha ngemva kohlangothi lekukhanya kanye nokuthula ukuphazamiseka kwezibhontsha kusukela ku-10% isibuye ku-95% kwezibhontsha esingalayishwa (USDA 2023). Izinhlobo zokulayisha zilokisa izicathami zezibhontsha ukukhawuleza ukuphazamiseka kwezibhontsha ezinhle kanye nokuthula ukuphazamiseka kwezibhontsha kuzindawo zemadoda, ngakho-ke ukuvikela ukusebenza kwezindawo zokulima kanye nokuvikela izindlu zezilwane ezilala kuzo amadoda. Ngokuthi kunezinhlobo zokulayisha ezifanelekileyo eNdaweni yokulima, izindlela zokulungisa zokulayisha kudingeka kuthathwe kabusha kusukela ku-60% isibuye ku-70% ukuthula izindlela zokusebenzela ngokudla ngokudla.

Ukuvutha Imisebenzi Yezisimithi Zokunqunqa

Imithi yokulayisha izisimithi evela kakhulu kuzo ziyakunqunqa ukudluliselwa kwezibuko futhi ukungcola kwezibuko kuzisimithi. I-geomembranes ezilungile—ezithintekile kakhulu kuzisimithi ezithuthukisiweyo—ziyakuncola ukungcola kwezibuko nge-30–40% kuzilwandle ezilungile kakhulu futhi ziyaqinisa ukulawulwa kwezibuko kuzemaphetheni amancane. Ukukhula kwezibuko kuzisimithi ezilayishwe ziyakuncola ukungena kwezibuko kanye nezilwane futhi ukungcola kwezibuko kuvabonga umthwalo kakhulu kwa-ndlu ngemali e-12–18 kwekhele. Ukulula kwezibuko kuzindlela zokulima kune ubudlelwane obugcwele nezindlela zokusebenza ngokuholela.

Isicatshulwa: Ukusebenzisa Imigwa Yekhomu eMidwest

Indawo yokulima ikhomu yasebenzisa amamakhine okulayisha izisimithi ku-5,000 ekaresi yezinsimithi zokunqunqa. Imaphakathi emuva kwekho lenqubo lavela ukutholwa kwezimphakathi ezithuthukisiwe:

• Ukungcola komhlaba ubukele 85% emuva kwezinyanga ezimbili zokulima
• Imali yokunqunqa yezibuko yancolile nge-35%
• Iindlela zokuthola iziphumo kwezilwane zakhona ngama-12% ngokuthi kuhlelwe ukulotwa. Abafarmi bakhuphele ukwenza kwezindlela zokucula ngama-200-250 amahora ngonyaka, bokhutsheza ubunzima nokuthuthukiswa kwezimali ngokuthuthukiswa kweziteknoloji zokulayisha.

Izinkomba Zokuphila Kweminyaka

Ukuphila okuqondile kunciphise ukusebenza kwezilayini zizonke izinyanga zeminyaka:

1. Unyaka : Sula amandla wokuphakama kwegcina ukulinda ukunakekela kwegcina
2. Usuku : Bheka ukwehliswa kwe-UV noma ukungena kwamathroots; hlola amaphetho amancane
3. Umvetho : Sikhitha izindlela zokuthola ngaphambi kwezinyanga zokuphakama
4. Ukuphela : Qinisekisa ukukhanya kwegolide; thelekisa izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu ukuze kube khona ukukhanya. Yenza imibuzo yokukhanya ngeminyaka yobudabukazi ukuze uphawule amathiphu okukhanya ngokukhula, ukunikeza inkulumo yezindawo ezingu-8-10 ngesikhathi esifanayo sikhokhele 98% yokusebenza.

Iindlela Zemigwa Ezidinga Imachini YokuBhala

Imigwa Emejile vs. Imigwa Ebhoshwe Ngokuphelele

Imigwa egolide esebenza ngokusebenzisa amagqabi aphathe isiltipha kanye nokuthatha iindleko zokulula, ekunikeza ukulawulwa kwegolide ngendlela ethandwa yamadololo kumadoda amancane. Le ndlela ifuna kakhulu kumadoda amancane ane-ndleko encane kunesikati esinye sokuphela ngaphansi kwezinkozi ezingu-30 inci ngonyaka (USDA 2023). Kodwa kudinga ukuthutha ngokushesha kanye nokuphoswa kwakhona ukuze ukungena kwezilwandle kakhulu kungavunyelwe kanye nokugcina inkulumo yezindawo.

Imigwa ephelele eziyinto zokwenza njengekholike noma izimembrani ezijwayelekileyo ziyimpumelelo kakhulu kumadoda amakhulu, ekunikeza ukuncipha kwegolide ngama-40% ngokulingana nezindlela ezimejile. Le ndlela engavumele ukukhanya kugqibele kuzindleko zokulula kanye nezindawo zokusebenzisa indlela, nokho izindleko zokufaka kuzimelela ngama-2-3 ngokulingana nezindlela zokusebenzisa amagqabi.

Imithetho Yokuqaphela Ukwezwa Kwemali

Imali ephakade kune 15% iyingce ama-liners okulungisa ukuhlathwa kwegesi. I-HDPE liner engenakwe noma yincwadi inikeza amandla okulungiswa kwegesi kanye nezindlela ezingama 7-10 PSI, okubekiwe kumaqheke uphakade kune 25%, futhi izinhlobo zokulima izindlu zingasetshenziswa kumaqheke amancane kanye nezindlela ezingama 3-8%. Isibonelo sokulandela amanzi esikhundleni 2023 sibonze ukuthi umehluko ngamawaka amali angama 5% uyinza ukwehluka kwegesi kwezindlela ezinguqu ngama 18% ngezinto ezingenasiko, okubonza ngqo ukuthi kudingeka ukulungiswa ngokwezwa kwemali.

Izinhlobo Zokulandela Amali Kuzinhlobo Zokulandela Amanzi Elishisayo

Izigaba Zokuhlola Amavuthi

Izimbinde zokulayisha izithuthi eziya ngokwezinsuku: Ukufaka izimuro ezingenakukhuphuka engavunyelwa amandla ukuba kube 35% kuzindleko zamanzi kuzinyukwana zokulima. Izingxenye zazo ezingenakukhuphuka (HDPE) zivumela amandla ukuba iphumele kudoti futhi amandla aphume ngqo kumachela kanye nokuvikela ukugcina amandla ngokugcina kumachela. Lokhu kwehlela ukusebenza kusiza abalimi ukuthi bafinye isimo esifanayo ngaphansi kwezimali - oku kunguquko mkhulu emakhwaleni aphunyelwa ukukhuphuka. Isibonelo, kuzindleko zokulayishwa ezingaphansi kwezimali eNtjukeni yaCalifornia, ukuncipha ngosuku lweminyaka yekhanda yamanzi yisigidiwa ngu12% noma kuba kutholakale ukuphila kwezindlu zokulima.

Ukuvikela ukungena kwezimali kuzindleko

Iindlela zasezokudla zingapheliwa 20–40% yemali ezilayishwa ngokungena, okungenzeka ukupheli kwezimali futhi kuhlule kweqondo lokusebenza. Iindlela zokubeka izinhlobo zokulayisha i-geomembranes noma izinhlobo zasekankonkathi ukuvikela ukungena kwezimali kuzindawo eziningi futhi zilindele ukuphazwa nokulaywa. Lezi zinhlobo zinethulela yokuba yimali enye yimali, engivikela ukuba kungapheliwe yimali kuzwe olunxande ngokungabi noma ukwanda kwamathuba okusebenza kwezindlela ngama-15–20. Inhlolovo ye-USDA ye-2023 yatholile ukuthi izindlela zokulapha ezilayishwe zingenela izindleko zokuhlinzela nge-$18 ngasenkinhlanu ngokungabi nazo ezidingi layishwa.

Imithwisto yokufaka ngokuzenzekela

Iindlela zokulayisha ezisebenzisa i-GPS ngoku usebenzwa kuzo iiprojekthi eziphambiliyo, zinikeza inkqubo yokuqinisekisa kwezilindelela. Iindlela zokulayisha ezifakwe ngaphambili ngekhombisa zilayishwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokuphindaphindiwe ka-50% ngaphantsi kwesabelo, ukunciphisa izindleko zomsebenzi nokubangelwa kokulayisha. Iindlela zethu zokudityanisa zizakuvumela ukuthuthwa ngokushesha kuzindlela zokulayisha ezahlukeneyo nezilindelela ngokunqutu kwezilindelela. Le ntlanzi iyakuthutha ukuphucula kwezinfrastucture ngamaxesha afunayo ukuplanthiwa ngexesha elibangelwe, njengoko kuzo zinye iiprojekthi zidla ngemilwe ngaphantsi kweentsuku ezi-8.

Amathonwa asekhaya ngokulayisha iindlela zokulayisha

Iindlela zokuphatha amadoda wasekhaya

Izimotshani zokulayina kuyindleke kakhulu kwekho ukubhola nokudala izindiza zasekhanda ezinhlelekile ukuphatha kahle ukukhanya kwamanzi okunguqirhanga. Ngokusebenzisa izimembrane (HDPE noma PVC) noma izindiza zasekhanda, le ndiza zinikeza amakhanda angcono, anesivivinyo esingekelwa ngazo okuphazamise amanzi ukukhanya kwiindlela. Lokhu kuthula ukuphunzwa, kwenza ukuba kube khona ubangelwano olunciphisa ukuphunzwa ngamanzi, kanye nokugcina ubunzulu bendaweni. Xa kubuyiselwa le ndiza kusaphelwa, izindiza zasekhanda zokukhanya kwamanzi ezingeni lezimali zilayinwe kanye nezinqa zokugcina amanzi abonakalayo, okukhuphela amakhimhampi xa amanzi abuyiselwa kusaphelwa. Isicelo se2023 sokushintshwa kwokwenza kwakubonisa ukuthi izindiza zasekhanda ezilayinwe ngendleke zazihlanganisa nezindleko eziphansi ngama-32% zokulungisa ukuphunzwa kwasekhanda kunazo ezilayini.

Ukuvikela ukuphunzwa kwezindlela

Ubukhulu bekwehlathi bokulula kuyadinga futhi ukwazi ukunciphisa ukukhula kwezimali kizindawo eziphakathi nezindlela. Izinhini zokulayisha zizolayisha izigaba ngemitha evela geotextiles enkulu noma amadilithi wekhankatha ehlukahlukene ukuze izigaba zokulula kulinganiswa kwezimali ngemva kokuqina kwezinyanga. Zibaluleke kakhulu kuzindlela zemithi apho izigaba ezilayishwa zikhula ngokusheshayo ngenxa yezinyanga eziphakade futhi zingavimba amasithithi. Izinkampani zezindlela zilayisha ukuncishipwa kwezimali ngama-40% ngokushiywa kwezimali ezinzima ngokushintshwa kwe-asphalt kizindawo eziningi lemine.

Imiphango yokuphepha kwezimali

Noma kube yabo ukunikeza ukuphila kwamadoda kwezinfrastrakti, izigaba zokushisayo kumele libenzeke ngokulinganisa izindleko zokuqala zokufaka nezindleko ezingaphandle. I-Concrete liners idinga amaqembu amathiselwe ukwenza izilungiselelo, kodwa ingaphila kwezingu-25 kuya kwezingu-30 futhi izinketho ze-geosynthetic idinga ukususa isilimu ngemva ngemva. Futhi, kizindaweni ezineebhajethi ezincane, izinhloso zingabekwa ngokuprincipale ukuze lihlakaniphelele amacala amathathu, uyekela amadoda ezenyadini ngekuphakama okuphakade kwekugaywa ngokuyindzaba.

Ukukhetha I-Equipment Ditch Lining Ngokwehlo Lomsebenzi

Ukuvavanywa Kwesivumo Kwamathiphu

Kulokunye, izitshintsha kuyahlakisa ukusebenza kwezilayisha. Kuzitshintsha ezinemidindle encane, nezikhali eziphakeme, izilayisha ezinezilayisho ezingenakukhula njenge-HDPE ziyashodwa ngoba zingahlakisa izinto eziphakeme, bese singenakukhula. Uma kusezitshintsha ezinemidindle encane, kubekwa ngaphakathi izilayisha ezine-geotextile ukuvikela ukuthi izitshintsha ziphazamise, ngokuba izinye zingaphansi kwezinye zingakhulwa ngokulayishwa ngaphansi kwezixhobo zokugqibela. Kuzitshintsha ezinemidindle encane (20-40% yekhoeffishini yokuqhina), inqanawe yokuqhubeka yezilayisha eziphakeme kuyinto efanele kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokukhetha izinto, kwenzeke ukulungiswa kwezitshintsha kuselophu ngokuba izilayisha ezahlukahlukene zezitshintsha ezenziwe ngokwenkqubo zingakhiqiza ukuthi kuzo kungaphansi kwezinye izitshintsha.

Izinkomba Zokubalwa Kwemali

Izilineri zasekrete zinezindleko ekuqaleni okungenani noma ngaphezulu kuka-30-50% kunzilineri zase-PVC, kodwa ngemva kwemva yokusebenza engama-20, zikhona izindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokuphila (Ponemon 2021). Kwezindleko ezingaphansi (20 years ¥ Ingabe ubude bokugcina kuholela kanjani ekweni yindleko yombhobho? Izilineri zase-woven polypropylene: Izinhla ngezinsuku eledlule: ǃ$0.85/isikhwamaǃ (Davis et al., 2004) Iponti yase-farm engenazo HMAC ephansi 10 Indvlo le-County... ft) itanki yemanzini yeminye engenayo UV resistance Malini ngemikhiqizo: Itanki yemanzini yeminye enobude bendawo, engenayo UV resistance Ubude lwangaphakathi: 31 lbs (14 kg) lapho kubekwe Khanga le-soft ibe ngeke ikwazi ukutholakala ngalunye loku Ship weight 78 lbs (35 kg). Bheka izindleko zokusebenzisa abasebenzi: izimakhine zokulaywa ezinemathini zokwenza izingceke zokufaka phansi ngenkathi yama-40%, noma kunjalo izindleko zokuthole kakhulu. Thanda kakhulu izinto onazo ǃ5% ngonyaka ekhlimbeni yakho ukuvikela ukuthi kungakhohlweli ukubuyiselwa okungaziwa ukuthi kuthathe amasavings akho ekuqaleni.

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Yiziphi izinhkuntfomane ezingiwa ngokuthi usebenziswe amakhina okulaywa kwezindleke kwezokulandela?

Imishini yokuvala imisele isiza ekuvimbeleni ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokunisela, inciphise izindleko zesikhathi eside zokugcinwa, futhi ilondoloze amanzi ngokunciphisa ukulahleka kokugeleza.

Ingabe le mishini ingasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ezindaweni ezinomoya omncane nezisheshayo?

Yebo, imishini yokumboza ingalungiswa ukuze isetshenziswe emikhondweni yokulawula amanzi enotshani ezindaweni ezinomoya omnene futhi isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezinendawo eqinile ukuze isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ukuze kulawulwe ukuguguleka nokulahleka kwamanzi.

Iziphi izinhlobo zokumboza ezivame ukufakwa imishini yokumboza imisele?

Izindwangu ezivamile zihlanganisa ama-geomembrane angangenwa amanzi, izingqimba zikakhonkolo nama-geomembrane ahlelwe. Ukukhethwa kwazo kuxhomeke ezicini ezinjengohlobo lomhlabathi, ukwehla kwethambeka, nesivinini samanzi.

Amasu okugcina umkhumbi usesimweni esihle ngesizini awuthinta kanjani umlando wokuphila kwawo?

Ukugcinwa kwesizini njalo, njengokuhlanzwa kwemithombo nokuhlolwa kokuvuza, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila komkhumbi ngeminyaka engu-810.