Imiphumakoti Ekuhle Kwesikhathi Sokusebenzisa Imashini Elindelela Kweqile Ukulayisha Amaditchi Kumaqo Amaphasiwathu

Ukwehla Okunye Kwemvula Ngokusetshenziswa Umsebenzi wokulingana nge-U

Ukwehla Kwezindleko Zokugcina Ngokusetshenziswa Kwezilayini Zeshape U

Izivivinyo ezivelwe yisifundazwe se-USDA ngo-2023 zibonisa ukuthi le silayini eshapingo esine-U singasekela ukungena kwemvula ngama-90% lapho kuh comparison nezindleko ezingenakho zilayini noma izinhlelo zeshape elikwa-trapezoidal. Okuthiwa kusebenza ngokuhle kwalawa silayini kukuthi zicakisa i-concrete noma i-membrane yamanye amagama kuzindleko. Lokhu kudala i-shield eshiyekile yokuvula okungena kwezindleko zokugcinwa lapho kudinga ukuthi kuhlale kumele. Okuthiwa kuyindlela enye yokuthi le machini azithathe ngokucophelela lezinto. Ukufakwa ngokwamanje kungenzeka ukuthi kuthole amagapu amancane phakathi kwezinye zokugcinwa okungena kwemvula ngokwehla. Le magapu amancane ngokwemondwane kuyizinto okuthiwa kungenzeka ukuthi kuthole amagapu amancane phakathi kwezinye zokugcinwa kwemvula ngokwehla.

Indima Yeshape Yezindleko Ekuvuleni Kwemvula

Isakhiwo esemikhasiweyo semakoti apho amaphoyisa aqondisa ukungcola ngama-30–40% ngokulinganisa nezindlela eziqondisa ukungcola, ukunciphisa ukungcola kwezindlela zokulula ezihamba ngazo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukwehla kwezilinga ngokulinganile, ukuvumela ukuba kube khona amatholakali angaphezu kwe-15–25% ngekuhamba komkhawulo—okudingekile kwezindlu zokulethwa apho izindlela zokulula zinezimiso ezingakanani.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubamba Phakathi Kwamathola Lapho Kusetshenziswa Isakhiwo Semicircular

Ngekuqinisa ukuthi izithelo nezindleke zingahambisana, amaphoyisa apho amakhawulezwe ukubamba phakathi ngokuthuluthule kwezinyanga ezingu-10. Izinhlangano ezisebenzisa itekitheni yokulayisha iqinisekisa ukuba kube khona ukubamba phakathi okungu-98% kwezinyanga ezingu-10, ukunciphisa izindleko zokushisa nekuvumela ukuthola izindleke ngokucacile.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenzisa Kwamathola Lapho Kusetshenziswa Isakhiwo Semicircular

Amakhono Athintayo Ukubamba Phakathi Kwamathola Lapho Kusetshenziswa Izitekitheni Ezintsha

Izinko zokusebenza kwezilwandle kwezinye izindawo zibalulekileyo kwezilwandle ngokuphela kwezingu-40% yazo ngokuxhuma nezindleke zasezindaweni eziphathelene nezilwandle ezifulekileyo ngokwesicelo seFAO kuleli nyaka. Lo mashine we-U shaped ditch lining etsha kwenza izinto ezingamaqondana nezindlela eziningi: ukukhulwa kwezilwandle emhlabeni, ukuthola isakhiwo esifanele, nokuvikela ukuthi konke kuhlanye lapho kusebenza. Le U shaped linings ikhulwa ngempela kunezindlela ezifanayo nezindlela eziphambene nazo ngokuthi zenza umgca oqotho oqinisekisa ukuthi kuncipiswe ukungcola kwezilwandle kabangela phakathi kwe-22% ne-30%, ngokwesicelo se-Journal of Irrigation Science kuleli 2022. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunciphise izindawo ezingenazo lapho izindleke zokugcina zingcina ngokwesikhathi eside. Lapho abasebenzi bokwenza izilwandle balela izinto ngokwesizathu sezinga lezilwandle zokuxhuma nezindleke zokulayisha futhi kuyadinga ukubonakala kwezindleke, le ndawo yonke ikhulwa ngokuphela. Izivivinyo ezithile zokuthi le ngeke zikhulise ukukhula kwezilwandle ngokuphela kwezingu-18% kuya kwe-35% ngokulinganisa nezindlela ezifulekileyo.

Ukuhlaliswa kweqembu le-U Shape Liners kwi-Efficiency yeNkunzi

Imibuzo yasekati ibonisa amandla okwehlisa inkunzi kwi-92-95%, akunandi kwaye ayiyo inkunzi engenakuhliswa ngama-40% (Inqiba yeNkumbulo yeNkundla 2023). Ukuhlazo oludlule ngama-5 okuqhelekileyo kweziganeko ezilungileyo ezingu-120 zibonisa ezimbini lezinto ezingokuba zilinganiselwe:

• Ukunciphisa ukubangelwa kwezilingo izinhlelo zokuhliswa zidinga ukulungiswa kwezama-63% ngokuba kungena kwezinyukelo.
• Iindlela efanayo zokulula iindlela ezinhlelweyo zokuhlisa inkunzi zingenani kwi-0.3 m/s kwaye zingenani kwiindlela ezinhlelweyo, nangona kwiimeko eziphambene.

Le ngxenye yokuqinisekisa ukuba yilindelekile kwaye ukulungisa kwezinhlelo zokuhlisa inkunzi kubantu abasebenzisa inkunzi enye yokuqinisekisa ukuba yilindelekile kwi-98%, into ebalulekileyo kwezamaqonga aphelileyo.

Ukubaluleka kwezimali kwaye amandla ezingaphambili kwezimali ye-U Shape Ditch Lining

Ukucacisa amandla okuhlisa kwezinhlelo zokuhlisa inkunzi ezilindelekileyo kwezamaqonga ezingenakupheli

Ukukhetha imithwana yokulayela enobukhulu njengokwehliswa nezilwane okanye imibhane ehlukene esetshenziswa kakhulu ekusindiseni imigwaqo yokunqola. Isicathami soldalwa sokulayela isicathami esifanayo sokwenza kube lula ukusetha le milinga enemifowodwa, okungaba yisicatfu sokunqola amandla ngokwehlisa amandla ngaphakathi kwe 40% kuya kuma-60% ngokulingana nezindlela ezinhle. Okubaluleke kakhulu kule mikhawulo kukuthi yini na imithwana iyakha ukulwa kwe-UV, ibe nekona yokwenza ngaphansi kwekona yamandla (kungenzeka ngaphansi kuka-1×10^-9 cm/s), kanye nekona yokulandela ukuguqulwa kwezilwane ngenkathi kwehla noma kwehla. Le factors ziyakha ukuthi izilwane ziye zilale ngokungenanani kwezingu-25 noma ngaphezulu. Abakhethi kufanele bafumane ukulandelana phakathi kwezilwane nezindlela ezinhle, ngakumbi emadwaleni amakhaza aphelile aphelile apho kwehla noma kwehla kwehla noma emadwaleni apho kwehla noma kwehla kwehla. Uma ubhekene ngokulungile kwezilwane nezilwane, le milinga ingaba yisicatfu sokulala ngokungenanani, ukuthula okunqunyelwe ngama-70%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla okunqunyelwe ngokuwa yisicatfu sokunqunyelwa kwezinyangeni ezizayo.

Imiphumano Yemali Ye-ukunciphisa Imiphethe Wamanzi Kuzindlela Zamanzi

Amashini wokulayisha amagqamane okuqalelwa ngokweqondo lokuqala ukuvulela ukunciphisa imali ngokulungiselela ukungahleli komkhawulo wamanzi kuzindlela zokulima. Okanye isiphansi esingama-15% kumiphethe kuyakuthi kungena isiphansi esingama-8% ekunsumeni kwamali yokuphumula kamanzi—le ndlela yekhompunda yemali ibekwe kuqwalasweni lwemali lwezemali zokulima ezweni 2018–2023. Ngokulayisha izindlela zamanzi eziphambene:

• Izindleko zokulungiswa zingena ngama-30–50% ngokuba kungenziwa ukulungiswa kwamanzi okungahleli
• Ukwenza kamanzi kufinyelela kuma-92%, ngokulingana ne-65% kuzindlela engalayisiwanga
• Izindleko zokuhlola zingcwalisa kuma-3–7 iminyaka, ngokulingana nezidingo zokulima zokuthi kumanzi

Ukucima ukudluliselwa kwezibuko futhi ukuvikela ukungena kwezibuko kumanzi okungahleli kwehlukahluka kwezimali ezingaphansi kwezinyanga, ngakumbi kuzindawo ezinekungcola kamanzi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokulima ngokusebenzisa I-Teknoloji Yokuqala ngokweqondo lokuqala

Amashini Amawotiyo Okulayisha Ukulima Okuthuthukisiweyo

Iindlela zaphambili zokulayisha izithuba eziqobo lombane zenza ukuba kube lula ukufaka izithuba lekonkreti ngokucophele kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ngaphezulu kuka 70% yemisebenzi yabantu ngokulingana neendawo ezidibeneyo. Ezi sisthemi zokuxhuma ngokuzenzekelayo zikhumbula ukuba ubukhulu bubu yilowo othile kuphela ngokulingana neenguquko eziyi 0.1 kuya 0.3 percent engenza ukuba izindleke zilinde kakhulu. Kananjalo zilayisha ikhonkreti ngokucophele ngaphandle kwezikhala eziphakathi kwezinye zokuthi ziveze umoya. Sinamthetho wokulungisa ingxaki engenza ukuba kuba khona ukungena kwezinto ezingama 18 kuya 22% kwezithuba ezilayishwe ngokwenkqubo yabantu. Abafarmi abathatha isicathamlalo kule ndlela zasebenzisa le ndlela zikhombisa ukuba kwehlulekile ukungena kwezinto kumaqela ama 35 kuya 60% ngokulingana nesicelo sikaAbd-Elaty kunye nezinye iintlobo ezifumanekayo ngo-2022. Koko kukuthi kunezimpawu ezilungileyo kwiindawo apho umoya nguqobo ngokupheleleyo.

Ukulungisa Isakhiwo seKanalu kwiindawo ezikhankanyayo neziqesheni eziphansi kwezimali

Umdlalo wekhalavu elivalethwe ngokweqondo lokuqhubeka kwezimali kakhulu ngokuthi kuthotha ukukhanya phakathi kwekhalavu. Lokhu kwehlisa ukungcola kwezimali ngenani kusukela ku-12% usuku-15% ngemilinganiswano nezikhala ezivalethwe ngokweqondo le-trapezoid. Abafarm yeke lula lokhu kakhulu emaqeni aphelile aphansi kwezimali. Isinwe esingcinile sikubona ukuthi amanzi angabi noma ngabe kancane kancane kusukela kwevaporation, kanye nokuthatha amathiselwe kancane kancane ngenani kusukela ku-20%. Futhi, lapho izinhlelo zokulandela amanzi zisebenzisa lezi qondo eziphumelelayo ezweni, ukubala ukuthini kwamanzu kwehlakana kakhulu. Abafarm bengakhotheni ukulandela amanzi abo ukuze bafinyele kakhulu kulesi singo, ngokuvamile kusukela ku-5% noma ngaphezulu.

Isicatshulwa: Ukuqala ngempumelelo kwekhalavu elivalethwe ngokweqondo lokuqhubeka kwezimali emaqeni aphumelelayo

Ngeso sivivinywayo esabelwe ku-Irrigation Science ngenyaka wa-2022, ukusebenza kovikelekileyo besebenzisa amaditchi aphakathi kwezindleke zase-Rajasthan, e-India, kwenze ishesho elikhulu kuzo. Ngemuva kokusebenzwa kwezovikelekileyo, kubonwe ukuthi kusebenza ngendlela ehleliwe. Ukuhlebuka kwamanzi kwehluka ngokukhulu, kusuka ku-3.2 litara ngosikathi nangokwe kilomitha engu-0.9 litara. Leliphi uhlobo lwesivivinywayo? Kungenxa koko, kuvunyelwe abafarmi ukuthi bakhule amazinyo angu-650 hekthara engenakho manzi futhi manje bakhulayo izingxenye kathathu ngonyaka ngendlela engu-1 noma babo. Ngempela kuyindlela enhle. Futhi ngokuholwa kwezimali, yindlela yabo yokuqeda ngokuphumelela ngemva kwezinhlango tathu nekuphela ngenxa yoko babhuxele kancane kakhulu ngepumpu yamanzi futhi bengenakho ukutholwa kahle kwezindleke zabo.

Ukuphelelwa nokwehlanzela phansi kwezindleke zokulinganisa U Shape

Ukusebenza ngokudala ngemva kwezindleke ezahlukahlukene nezimo zoklima

Iindlela ezilayiniweyo kwiindlela zokulingana ngaphandle kwezinto zazo zilandela ngokukhulu. Zilinda ngokukhulu xa kufakwa kwiimeko ezingavumelekanga, njengokuchithwa kwezulu, ukushintshwa kwezibuko, nokuthandana nazo zonke iingceke. Iindlela zokugqibela okuphezulu kuthiwa ngazo ukuba azizindile nangona kune pressure ye-ntshona. Iindlela zokwenza ngokuchanekileyo zinezakhono lokunciphisa ukugqitywa ngokuchithwa kwezulu, ngokwemigaqo engamaqondo amanqaku. Okuqukethweyo kwiindlela zazo ezilayiniweyo kwiindlela zokulingana ngaphandle kwezinto zazo zilandela ngokukhulu. Le ndlela yokulayisha izibuko zokugqibela ukuba kwezinye iindlela zokulingana ngokwezibuko. Iindlela zokulayisha zilandela ngokukhulu xa kufakwa kwiimeko ezingavumelekanga, njengokuchithwa kwezulu, ukushintshwa kwezibuko, nokuthandana nazo zonke iingceke. Iindlela zokugqibela okuphezulu kuthiwa ngazo ukuba azizindile nangona kune pressure ye-ntshona. Iindlela zokwenza ngokuchanekileyo zinezakhono lokunciphisa ukugqitywa ngokuchithwa kwezulu, ngokwemigaqo engamaqondo amanqaku. Okuqukethweyo kwiindlela zazo ezilayiniweyo kwiindlela zokulingana ngaphandle kwezinto zazo zilandela ngokukhulu. Le ndlela yokulayisha izibuko zokugqibela ukuba kwezinye iindlela zokulingana ngokwezibuko. Iindlela zokulayisha zilandela ngokukhulu xa kufakwa kwiimeko ezingavumelekanga, njengokuchithwa kwezulu, ukushintshwa kwezibuko, nokuthandana nazo zonke iingceke. Iindlela zokugqibela okuphezulu kuthiwa ngazo ukuba azizindile nangona kune pressure ye-ntshona. Iindlela zokwenza ngokuchanekileyo zinezakhono lokunciphisa ukugqitywa ngokuchithwa kwezulu, ngokwemigaqo engamaqondo amanqaku. Okuqukethweyo kwiindlela zazo ezilayiniweyo kwiindlela zokulingana ngaphandle kwezinto zazo zilandela ngokukhulu. Le ndlela yokulayisha izibuko zokugqibela ukuba kwezinye iindlela zokulingana ngokwezibuko.

Ukunciphisa ukulungiswa nokugcinwa ngokulandelana kwiindlela ezilayiniweyo

Lapho kuzokwe ngemifanekiso ye-mechanical, leli gqaqu lama-U lapho kudala amachaneli okusebenzela kahle nokuhamba kwamanzi, ukuvikela ukuthi kungahlanganiswa kwezindlela futhi ukuthathe inani le-maintenance ngokungenani ama-60 kuya kuma-70%. Le mikhumbi embane iyazi ukuthi akukho noma yiliphi uhlelo lwesithupha lokuthiwa kuzokwe, ngaphezu kwalokho ikonkreti iyasebenza kahle kona nezindlela zokuthiwa kwezokudla. Izinhlangothi ezincane zokuthiwa kuhamba ngokushesha kangangokuthi kungase kungahlali kakhulu futhi kudinga ukuthi abantu babale khandla, ngaphezu koma-0.8 imeitha ngosikathi. Okukhulisa kakhulu lezi sistimu nguwo ukuthi kuthunyelwe nezinye i-automated flow control. Kungenzeka ukulawulwa ngokushesha noma kuthathe amathimele noma kuthulelwe amasithuthi kanye nezinye izinto ezivele ekuhlaleni, lokhu kuthatha inani elincane lezimali nezinsuku eziningi.

Imibuzo Emaninzi (FAQ)

Yeyiphi i-mchine yokulayisha ikhalase le-U?

I-Machine yokulayisha indlu yamaceke yomlanjano yindlela yokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulayisha izinhlobo zokulayisha ngaphandle kwezindleko zasezimaleni, ukunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi nokhutha kwemfekayo.

Yini le ndlela oqondisa ngayo le ndawo yokulayisha ukunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi kuzindleko zokulayisha?

Ukuphakama kwezindleko zokulayisha kwezimaleni kunciphisa ukungcola futhi kunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi, okwenza ukuba kube khona ukutholakala okuningi kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi.

Yini le ngedlela yokunciphisa izindleko zokulayisha ngale ndlela yokulayisha izindleko?

Le ndlela iyanciphisa izindleko zokulayisha, ikhutha kwemfekayo yokutholakala kamanzi, futhi ngokuvamile kunezindleko zokulayisha ezingama-3-7, kulinganisa nezindleko zokulayisha ezifuna ukutholakala kamanzi.

Yini le ndlela lokulayisha ekunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi kuzindleko zokulayisha?

Iyakunika ukutholakala kamanzi okuningi kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi, okwenza yona indlela engcono kuzindleko zokulayisha ezifuna ukutholakala kamanzi.

Kungakhathaliseki le ndlela yokulayisha ukutholakala kamanzi kuzindleko zokulayisha?

Yebo, amalayini amingxenye esibhakabhaka U-yingxenye ayadurable kakhulu ngokuthi ayahlukahluka kwezinkelo, ukushifta kwezimali, nokubonwa kwezichemikhali, okungenzeka ukusebenza ngokudala.